Patterns of criminal threat in television news coverage of ethnic minorities in Flanders (2003–2013)

Despite a strong cognitive association in the minds of native citizens between ethnic minority presence and crime, compelling evidence demonstrating a real-world relationship between crime and ethnic diversity is limited. This study adopts a media-based approach to contribute to the debate on the origin of the perception of criminal threats. By means of a content analysis of 11 years of crime news (2003–2013) in Flanders (the northern, Dutch-speaking part of Belgium), portrayals of ethnic minority and majority perpetrators are systematically compared to assess whether ethnic minorities are portrayed in a significantly more threatening way. Moreover, building on ethnic hierarchy theories, comparisons are made between various outgroups. Findings demonstrate that ethnic minority perpetrators are depicted in a more threatening manner: they are more likely to be associated with violent, property, and gang-related crime. Additionally, they are more likely to be anonymised and to be associated with explicit manifestations of threat. Group differences exist, however, as the most distant outgroup (i.e. North Africans) is covered in a more threatening way than the other outgroups. Implications for intergroup relations are discussed.     

Fearing what? Vignette experiments on anti-immigrant sentiments

This study examines the impact of economic and safety threat perceptions on anti-immigrant sentiments. We investigate the extent to which public support for individual immigrants is affected by considerations about economic prospects and criminality of potential immigrants. We utilise survey vignette experiments conducted as part of the Panel Component of the European Social Survey in the Netherlands with a representative sample of the Dutch population. In the vignette experiments, we manipulated economic prospects and criminal background characteristics of immigrants, making them appear more or less likely to be an economic burden for and to pose a safety threat to the host society. Our findings demonstrate that both economic and safety considerations highly influence the public support for individual immigrants. We find that citizens’ views on admissibility of individual immigrants are predominantly shaped by considerations about social welfare costs and criminality of potential immigrants. Our findings further illustrate that safety concerns are yielding to more exclusionist immigration policy preferences than economic threat considerations, especially when those safety threats are measured at the individual level rather than at the collective level.     

Ethnic diversity,ethnic threat,and social cohesion: (re)-evaluating the role of perceived out-group threat and prejudice in the relationship between community ethnic diversity and intra-community cohesion

Research frequently demonstrates diverse communities exhibit lower intra-community cohesion. Recent studies suggest there is little evidence perceived ethnic threat plays a role in this relationship. This paper re-examines the roles of ethnic threat and prejudice in the diversity/cohesion relationship. First, we test threat/prejudice as conceptualised in the literature: as mediators of diversity’s effect. Second, we test a reformulation of the roles of threat/prejudice: as moderators of diversity’s effect. Applying multi-level models to cross-sectional and longitudinal data of White British individuals across England and Oldham (a unique English town case-study) we find neighbour-trust lower in diverse communities. However, perceived-threat/prejudice does not mediate this relationship. Instead, we find perceived-threat/prejudice moderate diversity’s impact on neighbour-trust. The result is diversity only reduces neighbour-trust among individuals who already viewed out-groups as threatening. Longitudinal analysis confirms the importance of out-group attitudes in the diversity/neighbour-trust relationship. In diverse communities, residents whose out-group attitudes improve, or worsen, become more, or less, trusting of their neighbours. However, in homogeneous communities, changes in out-group attitudes are not linked to changes in neighbour-trust. We therefore argue and demonstrate that perceived-threat emerges from other societal processes (such as socio-economic precariousness) and it is when individuals who already view out-groups as threatening experience diverse neighbourhoods that local cohesion declines.     

Individual threat, group threat, and racial policy: Exploring the relationship between threat and racial attitudes

Racial threat scholars have long argued that racial prejudice is motivated by threat. This literature identifies two types of threat: individual threat and group threat; however, actual arguments tend to focus on only one of the two types of threat. Consequently, there has been no assessment of whether both threats are simultaneously associated with prejudice. This paper uses data from the 1994 General Social Survey (GSS) to examine the relationship between perceptions of individual threat, perceptions of group threat, and opposition to policies aiding blacks. Results from multinomial logits demonstrate that both threats are associated with opposition to race-equalizing policies, suggesting that single-threat theories should be reevaluated and that studies incorporating racial threat should include both types of threat.     

知识团队内部任务冲突的处理:感知面子威胁的中介作用研究

由认知差异导致的任务冲突是知识团队作业过程中无法回避的问题。它兼具建设性和 破坏性,实际的演化结果主要取决于互动双方的行为表现。因此,了解并掌握团队成员的行为逻辑与 规律是团队内部冲突管理的核心所在。在中国,冲突通常被视为一种典型的面子事件,中国人的冲突 管理实际上就是面子的管理,厘清面子的作用机理将有助于提升知识团队内部的任务冲突管理绩效,防止冲突演化、升级。研究结论表明 :感知面子威胁在知识团队内部的任务冲突处理过程中确实起到 了联结刺激和行为的部分中介传导作用 ;团队成员在冲突过程中至少会感知到基于人际关系、能力要 素和个人品德三种不同类型的面子威胁,他们将根据自己对冲突事件的理解作出相应的冲突处理 选择。     

西南交通大学招生战略内外部环境SWOT分析

西南交通大学的招生工作由于高校大扩招、招生收费并轨、西部大开发战略、高校合并等等 ,外部环境机会与威胁并存。其内部条件优势在于办学历史悠久、专业富有特色、师资力量雄厚、办学体制先进 ;劣势在于数次搬迁与分拆、专业狭窄、学科分布不合理、公关意识与能力不足。用SWOT模型分析法建立招生战略模型 ,对制订招生发展战略具有指导意义     

Sometimes (but Not This Time), a Gun Is Just a Gun: Masculinity Threat and Guns in the United States, 1999–2018

Today, despite national campaigns and mass shootings, gun sales continue to rise. The majority of gun owners in the United States are men, and prior research has documented the complex relationship between masculinity and gun ownership. However, a majority of the research has remained on the micro level. In this article, we look at the effects of men’s unemployment on gun ownership. Using both national- and state-level Federal Bureau of Investigation background-check data as well as economic indicators, we find that worsening economic conditions for men (relative to women) lead to increases in gun sales. Moreover, this effect is exacerbated by the prevalence of guns in an area. We supplement these analyses with nationally representative survey data showing a strong relationship between perceptions of threat to men’s gender identities and opposition to laws limiting access to guns.     

It’s All in the Definition: Color-Blind Interpretations of School Diversity

Color-blind theory posits that ignoring race is a purposeful tool for protecting white privilege. Implicit in this theory is the idea that color blindness arises in times of racial threat because color-blind attitudes provide individuals with a tool for justifying racialized practices. Schools provide an ideal context for testing these implicit assumptions of color-blind theory. Public schools have shifted from using race conscious practices, such as forced busing, to racially ambiguous ones, such as touting diversity to address racial integration. Diversity is racially ambiguous because it can be interpreted as the inclusion of racial minorities but can also have a broader, color-blind meaning. In this study, I use a survey experiment to test whether experiencing racial threat leads white participants to have a color-blind interpretation of school diversity and whether racialized practices (in this case, picking a whiter school) mediates that relationship. I find evidence corroborating color-blind theory. Experiencing racial threat increases the probability that participants have a color-blind understanding of school diversity. Further, I find evidence that the mechanism explaining this relationship is participants picking whiter schools, highlighting that color blindness can be used as a tool to justify racialized practices.     

清理门户还是共渡难关？

作为独立经营的企业个体或平台社区的领导者，平台企业的策略选择往往需要在企业逻辑和社区逻辑中取得平衡，尤其是在面对道德合法性威胁时，平台企业需要在维持企业生存和保全集体利益中做出选择，以最大限度地降低企业的合法化成本，维持其最初的道德合法性。从合法性评价的受众视角出发，平台企业并非总是会面临同样类型的道德合法性威胁。在面临以业务层面为主导的道德合法性威胁时，平台企业会着重面向需求方开展实质工作与意义工作，强化网络效应。此时，平台企业作为社区领导者，遵循社区逻辑来保证供方群体生存。而在面临以架构层面为主导的道德合法性威胁时，平台企业则需要面向供给方开展实质工作，辅之以面向需求方的意义工作，弱化网络效应。此时，平台企业作为企业个体，遵循企业逻辑来维持平台企业的生存。     

外资大量进入对我国经济安全的挑战与应对

改革开放以来,随着我国经济的快速增长以及对外开放程度的不断提高,越来越多的外国资本开始进入我国,我国已连续多年成为吸收外资最多的发展中国家。巨额外商直接投资的引入,一方面促进了我国的经济增长, 带来了诸多的经济效益;另一方面,由于当前引资工作的盲目性,对我国的经济安全构成了挑战。针对这一问题,介绍了当前外资进入我国的新动向,分析了外资对我国经济安全的各种挑战,并提出了应对的思路和对策。