论旅行社业现有分工体系的重新构建

长期以来,中国旅行社业的经营一直采取以人为市场分割为特征的水平分工体系,各旅行社除了在目标市场方面有所不同之外,在业务上并无批发、零售的主营差异,从而导致了整个行业市场的混乱。相比之下,欧美国家旅游市场上的批发经营商、零售代理商层次分明,以专业化分工为特征的垂直分工体系,有效地克服了因缺乏分工而导致的业务交叉覆盖、混乱竞争等弊端,使得整个旅行社行业的经营协调有序。从理论上来说,垂直分工体系的确是一种理想的、有助于规范市场秩序的专业化分工体系。在我国旅行社业界,垂直分工体系如能得以实现,将会有效地规范各类旅行社的市场行为。     

晚清中国企业聘用洋员现象研究

洋务运动时期 ,清政府为发展近代工业曾大量引进外国的机器设备与技术 ,同时洋务企业聘用洋员的现象也很普遍。本文通过分析官方对于聘用洋员的认识 ,洋务企业聘用洋员的情况 ,以及聘用洋员的意义和影响 ,对于洋务企业普遍聘用洋员的现象做了系统地研究 ,并最终得出结论 ,洋务企业聘用洋员利大于弊     

On the Limitations of Redundancies in the Improvement of System Reliability

Some program managers share a common belief that adding a redundant component to a system reduces the probability of failure by half. This is true only if the failures of the redundant components are independent events, which is rarely the case. For example, the redundant components may be subjected to the same external loads. There is, however, in general a decrease in the failure probability of the system. Nonetheless, the redundant element comes at a cost, even if it is less than that of developing the first one when both are based on the same design. Identical parts save the most in terms of design costs, but are subjected to common failure modes from possible design errors that limit the effectiveness of the redundancy. In the development of critical systems, managers thus need to decide if the costs of a parallel system are justified by the increase in the system's reliability. NASA, for example, has used redundant spacecraft to increase the chances of mission success, which worked well in the cases of the Viking and Voyager missions. These two successes, however, do not guarantee future ones. We present here a risk analysis framework accounting for dependencies to support the decision to launch at the same time a twin mission of identical spacecraft, given incremental costs and risk-reduction benefits of the second one. We illustrate this analytical approach with the case of the Mars Exploration Rovers launched by NASA in 2003, for which we had performed this assessment in 2001.     

我国地理标志保护的问题及对策

介绍了保护地理标志的现实意义，详细分析了我国地理标志保护中存在的诸多问题，并就如何加强我国地理标志保护提出了具体对策。     

量子阱光电子开关器件(二)

量子阱半导体器件是一种基于量子电子学原理的新型光电子器件。它具有体积小、速度快、功耗低等优点,并且由于它能够与逻辑电路元件混合集成,在解决高复杂度集成电路的高速互连方面具有巨大的实际应用价值。基于这一原理实现的光调制器和开关等光电子器件,可以制成波导,也可制成二堆并行阵列器件。目前,光逻辑和存贮器件阵列的集成规模已达2048个单元,其中所有的单元都可利用自由空间光(free-space optics)进行外部访问。本文概述了量子阱半导体器件的运行机理及其发展前景。     

论指数函数及其四则运算的并行算法

本文用指数函数建立双曲函数的并行串行最新算法     

A genetic algorithm tutorial

This tutorial covers the canonical genetic algorithm as well as more experimental forms of genetic algorithms, including parallel island models and parallel cellular genetic algorithms. The tutorial also illustrates genetic search by hyperplane sampling. The theoretical foundations of genetic algorithms are reviewed, include the schema theorem as well as recently developed exact models of the canonical genetic algorithm.     

信用证理论在进口贸易中的应用

剖析信用证操作特点,论述如何利用信用证保护企业利益,控制进口商品质量和到贷进度,提出充分发挥信用证融资功能的操作方法。     

分层总线式群集系统设计

给出了一种基于通信效率和群集度比(T_e/I_l)构建有限层总线式松耦合并行系统的一般模型,并详细描述下一个6×6群系统的设计思想和实现过程,工作结果将指导这类系统的集成。     

江苏进出口贸易与经济增长关系的实证研究

从2000-2013年的GDP和进出口数据出发,运用HP滤波、相关分析、偏相关分析、协整理论和Granger因果检验,对江苏省进出口与经济增长的关系进行实证分析可见,出口额、进出口总额与江苏省GDP的增长均具有较为显著的正向关系。通过活跃外贸活动扩大出口仍将是推动江苏经济增长的主要因素之一。