Relational sociology and culture: a preliminary framework

In this paper I outline a framework for a relational sociology of culture. I begin by briefly defining relational sociology and contrasting it with both individualistic and holistic alternatives. Culture, I suggest, is an inherently relational concept and needs to be theorised and analysed as such. This argument is briefly elaborated through a discussion of the generation and diffusion of culture by way of interaction and social networks. The respective contributions of Tarde, Durkheim, Merleau-Ponty, and Wittgenstein are given particular attention. In the final part of the paper I introduce and discuss Howard Becker's notion of ‘art worlds’, drawing out and elaborating upon its relational foundations whilst also further developing it through a more sustained reflection upon both the facilitative potential of social networks and their shaping, as hypothesised by Peter Blau (and developed by Miller McPherson and Noah Mark), by way of homophilic attraction in ‘social space’. The paper covers a lot of ground and is intended as a sketch which subsequent work will fill out.     

Moral Identity in Friendships between Gay,Lesbian, and Bisexual Students and Straight Students in College

People construct moral identities for being a supportive affiliate of stigmatized groups. To extend past research that focused on such identities within formal organizations, this study seeks to identify the process of moral identity construction in a personal setting—friendships between gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) people and straight people. Analyzing data from in‐depth interviews with college students, we show that straight students claim moral worth by emphasizing their deliberate decisions to develop and sustain friendships with GLB people and by highlighting how the friendships led them to personal enlightenment and political engagement. GLB students, as a stigmatized group, also claim moral worth by emphasizing their ability to transcend the community boundary and to be accepted in the larger society. Students make such claims as they strategically link these aspects of cross‐orientation friendships to existing moral discourses in the larger society and draw on resources available in the organizational and life course contexts.     

Does CERN procurement result in innovation?

Innovation is stated to be one of the most powerful engines for economic growth in firms, markets and nations today. It is therefore not surprising that policy-makers would like to see innovations as a benefit of publicly spent money; making innovations an additional aim of public procurement (public procurement for innovation). The aim of the paper is to analyse the impact of a science organization's procurement practices on innovation. The intention is also to show how different and contradicting goals and expectations regarding public procurement are described and acted upon by the science organization and its suppliers, and to what extent the outcome of public procurement is innovation. Empirically, the study addresses how the European Organization for Nuclear Research, i.e. CERN, works with procurement; and how their procurement in turn affects CERN's suppliers. Based on a large case study in which more than 100 interviews were conducted over a time period of 8 years, the study contributes to the understanding of the limitations CERN’s procurement rules put on interaction and on innovation. The understanding of the implications of restricting interaction, but also the understanding of the reasons why these rules are put into place, and the dilemmas that follow, are all important contributions.     

论宝鸡传统庙会的功能

庙会是民俗文化的载体和组成部分,它集宗教信仰、娱乐休闲、生计筹划、社会交往于一身,为人们提供了一个独特的公共生活的空间。在庙会上,人们一反平时循规蹈矩的生活方式,将劳作的艰辛、身心的疲惫和对美好生活的向往尽情释放,使之成为地区历史文化、民俗艺术和大众生活的一个缩影,具有浓郁的生活气息和鲜明的地域特色。     

粮食统购统销视域下国家与农民关系（1953-1956）

新中国成立初期,国家为缓解严重的粮食危机,出台并强力实施了粮食统购统销政策,由此引起农民强烈的反应并形成农民与国家之间紧张的互动和博弈。这种互动和博弈主要表现为国家统购统销与农民自由之间的矛盾,高征购引发农民“粮食恐慌”的危机,强迫命令风导致农村干群关系尖锐对立。在农民微弱且坚韧持久的利益表达压力下,国家不断地调整和完善统购统销政策,并在农业合作化运动中实现双方的“利益整合”,冲突得以调适和纾解。国家与农民的互动和博弈,不仅折射出国家尊重农民、维护农民合法权益所做的不懈努力,也为当今推进农村改革、建设社会主义新农村提供了有益借鉴。     

Does a Store Brand Always Hurt the Manufacturer of a Competing National Brand?

It is generally believed that store brands hurt the manufacturers of competing national brands while benefiting retailers. In this study, we challenge this notion by studying the impacts of a store brand when it is introduced by a power retailer. We show that a store brand may benefit the manufacturer when the interaction between the manufacturer and retailer is modeled as a retailer‐led Stackelberg game. This phenomenon occurs because the store brand changes the nature of the strategic interaction between the manufacturer and retailer in our model. In particular, while the interaction is always vertical strategic substitutability without a store brand, it may become vertical strategic independence with one. With the store brand, the demand for the national brand becomes larger, and the wholesale price for the national brand may increase, both of which benefit the manufacturer. Finally, the store brand may lessen the double marginalization problem of the supply chain for the national brand in the retailer‐led Stackelberg game, but does so in an unconventional way: The reduction in the double marginalization effect may come from a lowered retail markup instead of a lowered wholesale price. Our results reconcile some discrepancies between theoretical predictions and empirical findings regarding the impacts of store brands on manufacturers.     

城市公共设施设计的思考

文章论述了城市公共设施的概念、功能,强调这些设施对于市民和城市所起的重要作用,并指出它们在城市中并不是处于静止状态,而是动态状态——自身不断发展,人与城市是互动关系,最后结合工业设计理论提出公共设施的设计方法,指出在"体验时代"到来的情况下,公共设施的互动特性将是未来发展趋势。     

基于地方经济持续发展的政府与高校互动关系

地方经济可持续发展要求地方政府与高校合作，合作的基础是利益诱导。在分析了地方政府与高等学校行为目标差异的基础上，用一个抽象的组合支持理论模型，说明了两者互动行为选择，为推动地方经济发展提供了一种新思路。     

制定中的民法典与环境法的互动

我国正在制定民法典, 环境法应以此为契机与民法实现良性互动, 发挥各自的理论优势, 共同推动环境问题的解决。绿色民法典的理论创新主要体现在环境权的创立、民事主体范围的扩张、自然资源物权的生态化、环境资源权利交易的市场化以及强化环境侵权的预防机制并扩展损害填补的范围等方面。     

参与者交互视窗理论对时态的认知解释

美国认知语义学的奠基人塔米(L.Talmy)关于认知语义学及其他认知科学的研究是认知语言学理论的重要组成部分,并提出了注意力视窗理论.其中的参与者交互视窗理论与时态某些用法有密切的关系.