Time series analysis of fertility and female labor market behavior

Cointegration methods are employed to investigate relations among total fertility, female wages, labor force participation, educational attainment, and male relative cohort size. Two long run relations among the series are found, and these are identified as a fertility and a labor supply equation. All covariates enter into these relations with significant coefficients and theoretically plausible signs. Innovation analysis shows that both fertility and female labor force participation respond to changes in relative cohort size in directions consistent with the Easterlin hypothesis. Female labor force participation responds significantly to fertility shocks, but reverse effects are insignificant.All correspondence to Robert McNown. The authors wish to thank Cristobal Ridao-Cano, Kenneth Land, Alessandro Cigno, and an anonymous referee for comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Responsible editor: Alessandro Cigno.     

我国人口老龄化趋势对劳动力供给的影响

本文从我国现状出发,以劳动经济学的视角,分析了人口老龄化趋势将对我国劳动力供给产生的影响,并在劳动力的供给数量、劳动力供给质量,以及家庭劳动供给决策三个方面作了具体说明,最后提出了相应的对策。     

中国人口劳动参与率与未来劳动力供给分析

对未来劳动力供给进行准确预测判断将有利于我们未来就业政策、现实人口政策和社会保障政策的科学制定,也是对未来人口与经济形势准确判定的依据,是一项非常重要的工作。在充分考虑人口老龄化、劳动参与率年龄模式变动以及受教育水平提高影响的基础上,对未来劳动供给进行预测。预测结果显示,如果不考虑65岁及以上人口的就业,到2016年将达到从业人员的高峰7.58亿,其后持续减少,到2050年前后减少到6.4亿;如果考虑65岁及以上人口的就业,我国的就业高峰将出现在2022年前后,到2045年以后,劳动力供给将大规模减少。届时劳动供养人口将会大大增加,这必须引起当代人在规划人口发展时的重视。     

区域经济发展差距的人力资源因素——基于吉林省和浙江省发展差距的思考

在对吉林和浙江经济发展差距描述的基础上,分析了两省人力资源的优劣,用统计数据说明了吉林省的人力资源虽然有潜在优势,但其利用人力资源的效率低于浙江省,所以经济发展态势弱于浙江,并进一步说明了两省产生差距的原因是制度创新水平不同。     

吉林省人才资源状况分析与对策研究

振兴吉林,人才资源是关键。吉林省未来10年,人才资源总量与结构均不能满足经济社会发展的需要。为此,从调整用人机制出发,吸引人才到吉林发展,至关重要。     

新世纪我国实施就业发展战略需要注意的几个问题——兼论21世纪前一二十年我国城乡劳动力供求的影响因素

就业问题已经成为一个世界性的难题。从理论上讲 ,劳动力供给和劳动力需求是影响就业状况的两个直接而又基本的因素。受此影响 ,2 1世纪前一二十年我国城乡就业形势十分严峻。这就决定了2 1世纪前一二十年我国就业发展战略在选择和实施时 ,需要注意以下问题 :促进经济发展 ,符合市场经济的要求 ,公平与效率相结合 ,城乡统筹考虑 ,长远目标与短期目标兼顾等     

Hazardous Times for Monetary Policy: What Do Twenty‐Three Million Bank Loans Say About the Effects of Monetary Policy on Credit Risk‐Taking?

We identify the effects of monetary policy on credit risk‐taking with an exhaustive credit register of loan applications and contracts. We separate the changes in the composition of the supply of credit from the concurrent changes in the volume of supply and quality, and the volume of demand. We employ a two‐stage model that analyzes the granting of loan applications in the first stage and loan outcomes for the applications granted in the second stage, and that controls for both observed and unobserved, time‐varying, firm and bank heterogeneity through time*firm and time*bank fixed effects. We find that a lower overnight interest rate induces lowly capitalized banks to grant more loan applications to ex ante risky firms and to commit larger loan volumes with fewer collateral requirements to these firms, yet with a higher ex post likelihood of default. A lower long‐term interest rate and other relevant macroeconomic variables have no such effects.     

上海确保市场供应稳定蔬菜价格的实践与思考

＂菜篮子＂里看形势。首先系统介绍上海多管齐下确保市场供应稳定蔬菜价格的有效做法,如落实菜篮子区县长负责制、完善蔬菜调控保障体系、强化蔬菜产销衔接功能、加强蔬菜产销能力建设等。蔬菜供应涉及千家万户,在充分发挥市场机制作用的基础上,需要政府实行有效的调控,担负起公共服务的职责,既要防止＂菜贵伤民＂,又要防止＂菜贱伤农＂。     

Optimal Expediting Policies for a Serial Inventory System with Stochastic Lead Time

In recent supply chains, often operating multiple delivery modes such as standard freight shipping and air is an effective way of addressing both delivery lead time uncertainties and service rates. We propose a model on how to optimally operate multiple delivery modes. We consider a serial supply chain and an expediting option from intermediate installations to the downstream of the chain. The goods move stochastically among the installations and the system faces a stochastic demand. We identify systems that yield simple optimal policies, in which both regular ordering and expediting follow a variant of the base stock policy. Expediting allows the system to be leaner due to the reduced regular order amount. In addition, we provide managerial insights linking expediting, base stock levels, and expediting costs based on analytical and numerical results.     

The Failure of Practical Intuition: How Forward‐Coverage Inventory Targets Cause the Landslide Effect

Seasonal demand for products is common at many companies including Kraft Foods, Case New Holland, and Elmer's Products. This study documents how these, and many other companies, experience bloated inventories as they transition from a low season to a high season and a severe drop in service levels as they transition from a high season to a low season. Kraft has termed this latter phenomenon the “landslide effect.” In this study, we present real examples of the landslide effect and attribute its root cause to a common industry practice employing forward days of coverage when setting inventory targets. While inventory textbooks and academic articles prescribe correct ways to set inventory targets, forward coverage is the dominant method employed in practice. We investigate the magnitude and drivers of the landslide effect through both an analytical model and a case study. We find that the effect increases with seasonality, lead time, and demand uncertainty and can lower service by an average of ten points at a representative company. While the logic is initially counterintuitive to many practitioners, companies can avoid the landslide effect by using demand forecasts over the preceding lead time to calculate safety stock targets.