美国航班超售的非歧视原则

1958年,美国《联邦航空法》确立航空承运人在航空运输活动中不得违背非歧视原则。美国最高法院区分"航班超售本体"和"实施航班超售行为"分别认定是否违背非歧视原则。规制国际航空运输领域的航班超售,美国适用内外一致的监管标准,对本国和外国的航空承运人适用相同法规。征询自愿被拒载的志愿者应当同时面向全部旅客,切忌特别或者先后征询。适用优先登机规则的前提是征询志愿者人数不足。优先登机规则含括"先订先得""先到先得"和"复合参考权衡"3个规则。航班超售非歧视原则促进航空运输发展并可作为旅客维权的替代路径。中国修订《民用航空法》可借鉴美国作法的有益经验。     

志愿行动成功的五大要素分析——公民道德在渐进中提升

志愿行动成功的关键是活动的创新。它包括了五大创新要素：其一,理念创新。以传统为根基,返本开新,使传统与现代得以完美对接;其二,制度创新。以法律法规为基础,加大社会保障机制,使志愿行动有章可循;其三,管理创新。以事业为龙头、优化管理,使志愿行动落到实处;其四,形式创新。以自觉为前提,与时俱进,使志愿行动成为时尚;其五,方法创新。挖掘个性光辉,张扬社会美德,在渐进中提升公民道德。     

Problems recruiting volunteers: Nature versus nurture

In a national study of public charities in the United States, we find that some organizations experience little difficulty recruiting volunteers while others report substantial problems. We study which organizations are more likely to report recruitment problems, separating the underlying forces for those problems into two camps. One, which we label “nature,” represents organizational conditions that cannot readily be overcome by a management response. The other, which we label “nurture,” represents organizational conditions that volunteer resource managers and other members of the top management team can directly influence as they seek to make their organization more inviting to prospective volunteers. We find some support for both camps, concluding that managers must be prepared to work with both immutable and malleable conditions when devising strategies for recruiting volunteers whose schedule and skills fit the organization's needs.     

Trained volunteers for families coping with a child with a life-limiting condition

One hundred and seven families with a child diagnosed with a life-limiting condition, from all over Queensland (Australia), were surveyed on their need for a trained volunteer. Their comments provide important insights into an area which has not previously been researched or documented. In summary, their responses indicate that many families have only minimal or no support, and are coping with extraordinary physical, emotional and social demands from the child's condition and treatment. The majority of the participants are very positive about the need for a trained volunteer and are clear about the activities that trained volunteers could provide assistance with. These activities range from practical assistance such as baby-sitting and help with household chores and errands to emotional support. Not all families would be comfortable using a volunteer, and some respondents did outline perceived obstacles to including a volunteer in family activities. For others there were comments about why volunteers would be perceived as unproblematic. Respondents specified important criteria that would need to be addressed in volunteer training. The largest number of respondents were coping with cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy. It is the hope and expectation that, with the communication of the insights gathered from this geographically diverse group of families, encouragement will be given to others working in this area to explore the possibility of establishing outreach volunteer programmes for such families.     

“Don't you want to stay?” The impact of training and recognition as human resource practices on volunteer turnover

Managing volunteers is a difficult undertaking. This study draws on human resource (HR) management theory and literature to investigate the effect of two HR practices—training and recognition—on volunteer turnover. We use longitudinal administrative data collected by an Indiana nonprofit organization, which contains individual volunteer characteristics, organizational HR practices, and information on actual turnover behavior. We found that recognizing volunteer contributions with awards predicted volunteer retention in the following year. Training did not have a direct effect on volunteer turnover, but interacted with gender; men who received training were more likely to stay than women. The study contributes to the literature on HR management in the volunteer context, adds to the emerging literature on awards as incentives for volunteers, and addresses the common method bias by using longitudinal data.     

Guinea Pigs on the payroll: The ethics of paying research subjects

Regulatory bodies and scholars have traditionally conceptualized biomedical research on healthy subjects in the same way as research on patients. Guidelines and regulations have portrayed payment to a healthy subject as a potential constraint, or “undue influence,”; on the subject's free consent. In this essay we suggest an alternative way of conceptualizing research on healthy subjects, which sees the basic issue not as one of undue influence but as one of justice. Healthy subjects generally enroll in research protocols not for humanitarian reasons but for the money they will receive. Many of these protocols are conducted by profit‐driven corporations. Yet current guidelines and regulations prohibit subjects from negotiating for fair payment for the risks, discomforts and inconveniences they undergo, and IRBs are not staffed adequately to monitor the subject's safety. We propose to remedy the situation by regulating payment to healthy subjects as a labor relation.     

The future for Meals on Wheels? Reviewing innovative approaches to meal provision for ageing populations

Winterton R, Warburton J, Oppenheimer M. The future for Meals on Wheels? Reviewing innovative approaches to meal provision for ageing populations The global phenomenon of population ageing is impacting on how community care is delivered, and a key component of health and social care services for the frail elderly is Meals on Wheels (MOW), a service that has traditionally encompassed delivering meals to older people in their homes. However, aspects of this conceptualisation of MOW are being redefined in order to address challenges posed by tightening global financial contexts, a reliance on volunteers and increasing social isolation among ageing populations. Through a review of the literature and websites from selected countries (UK, USA, Canada, Australia), this article explores and critically evaluates models of MOW delivery addressing these challenges. Findings suggest that MOW services are utilising a marketised approach, moving outside of the home and incorporating diverse volunteer roles. These findings demonstrate how services such as MOW can develop sustainable approaches to service delivery in a contemporary context. Key Practitioner Message: ?A review of innovative MOW highlights service models of broader applicability;?Varied delivery models and more diverse volunteer roles appeal to new sources of volunteers;?Research into the development of sustainable models with positive client social outcomes is now required.     

The Value of Pets in Geriatric Practice

Abstract

A program designed to help elderly pet owners is succeeding in areas unrelated to pet care. The relationships that seniors establish with the coordinating social worker and participating volunteer create opportunities in other areas. The program establishes a social work connection which can be tapped in an emergency and enhances socialization through volunteer visits. Program participation may also reduce the severity of housing problems and provide a chance to discuss end-of-life issues. Implications for policy and practice are discussed, including the importance of acknowledging the central role of a pet in the lives of many elderly people.     

Ecological restoration volunteers: the benefits of participation

There is an international volunteer movement to protect and restore sensitive natural landscapes. In Illinois alone, almost 40,000 acres of rare prairie, oak savanna, wetlands and woodland ecosystems in urban and suburban communities are monitored and managed by volunteers. As natural habitats disappear or become degraded worldwide, it is increasingly important to understand how a personal involvement with nature, in the form of restoration, benefits the individual as well as aiding in species and ecosystem survival. This study examined the satisfactions that volunteers derive from prairie restoration in the Chicago metropolitan area. Questionnaire responses from 263 volunteers indicate that volunteers experience high levels of many different satisfactions. Tenure, frequency and extent of involvement in restoration were used to predict restoration satisfactions, life satisfaction and life functioning. Implications for recruiting and sustaining volunteer involvement in restoration efforts are discussed.     

大学生志愿者服务进社区探析——以桂林市大学为例

大学生志愿者服务进社区,在服务社区和居民,解决社会问题方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文运用实地调查及问卷调查方法,从大学生参与社区志愿服务对其自身、学校、社区和社会各方面的作用入手,探讨了大学生志愿者服务进社区的必要性,分析了大学生志愿者服务进社区的可行性,并提出了相关建议。