沙僧形象溯源

沙僧是《西游记》中重要的取经人物之一。从《大正新修大藏经》中的相关材料看 ,其原型当是出于密教中的深沙神 ,历经唐宋元明诸朝说部作者的结撰才定型。     

20世纪三四十年代西北地区宗教生活的变迁

20世纪三四十年代,随着民族危机的加深和国民政府开发西北战略的实施,西北地区民众的宗教生活也发生了某些变化,具体表现为佛教信仰衰而复振,基督教信仰趋于兴盛,伊斯兰教活动与时俱进,道教信仰的衰落与留存;民间诸神信仰并行不悖。这从一个侧面反映了当时西北地区民众的精神状态和社会生活方式的变迁。     

Socially organized sentiments: Exploring the link between religious density and protest mobilization, 1960–1995

Extensive research has shown individual religiosity to have an impact upon U.S. protest participation. But very little work has examined the role of religious density in a community on the likelihood of protest mobilization. Our research links the religious density across 62 counties in New York State to various protest mobilization issues during the period of 1960–1995. In this research, we develop a theory of socially organized sentiments to examine religious influences on overall protest event mobilizations in local communities, a specific example of a more general theory that can link community structure to multiple forms of civic engagement. The impact of various religious traditions is assessed by using measures for the density of religious population per congregation of three religious traditions—Mainline Protestantism, Evangelical Protestantism and Catholicism. The analysis also assesses the likelihood of mobilization concerning four specific issues—African-American civil rights, gender, anti-nuclear/peace, and anti-poverty movements.     

Leaving my religion: Understanding the relationship between religious disaffiliation,health, and well-being

Religious disaffiliation—leaving the religious tradition in which one was raised for no religious affiliation in adulthood—has become more common in recent years, though few studies have examined its consequences for the health and well-being of individuals. We use an innovative approach, comparing the health and subjective well-being of religious disaffiliates to those who remain affiliated using pooled General Social Survey samples from 1973 through 2012. We find that religious disaffiliates experience poorer health and lower well-being than those consistently affiliated and those who are consistently unaffiliated. We also demonstrate that the disadvantage for those who leave religious traditions is completely mediated by the frequency of church attendance, as disaffiliates attend church less often. Our results point to the importance of the social processes surrounding religious disaffiliation and emphasize the role of dynamics in the relationship between religious affiliation and health.     

Deriving Behavior Model Parameters from Survey Data: Self‐Protective Behavior Adoption During the 2009–2010 Influenza A(H1N1) Pandemic

In this paper, we demonstrate how public opinion surveys can be designed to collect information pertinent to computational behavior modeling, and we present the results of a public opinion and behavior survey conducted during the 2009–2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic. The results are used to parameterize the Health Belief Model of individual health‐protective decision making. Survey subjects were asked questions about their perceptions of the then‐circulating influenza and attitudes towards two personal protective behaviors: vaccination and avoidance of crowds. We empirically address two important issues in applying the Health Belief Model of behavior to computational infectious disease simulation: (1) the factors dynamically influencing the states of the Health Belief Model variables and (2) the appropriateness of the Health Belief Model in describing self‐protective behavior in the context of pandemic influenza.     

“引路菩萨”与“莲花手”——汉藏持莲花观音像比较

敦煌藏经洞出土了许多精美的幡画,其中有的注明为“引路菩萨”。通过图像特征,可以确定这种“引路菩萨”属于观音菩萨的一种身形,其宗教功能是作为阿弥陀佛的助手,引导死者往生西方净土。同时,在藏传佛教造像中广泛流行的“莲花手”观音,虽然在造型、名号上与前者并不相同,但经过笔者的考察,证明汉传佛教中的“引路菩萨”与藏传佛教中的“莲花手”在宗教功能上是一致的,是观音菩萨在不同的宗教系统中所呈现的不同图像样式。     

阿拉伯伦理学

伊斯兰教前阿拉伯人的伦理道德是由他们生活的自然条件和沙漠社会所决定的 ,是一种不自觉的自然状态 ;阿拉伯人接受伊斯兰教信仰后 ,在人生观、宇宙观、生死观等诸多意识形态领域内的认识发生了重大的变化 ,发生了质的飞跃 ,这时候的伦理道德是一种自觉的理性表现。伊斯兰的基本信仰———确信真主及其使者———就成了伊斯兰道德的基础 ,一切言行都要按照真主的命令认真去做。阿拉伯伊斯兰伦理在道德与行为 (工作、弃恶从善、履行诺言等 )、道德与修养 (容忍、宽恕、平等、民主等 )、主张男女平等、维护妇女权益以及与现代文明关系诸多方面 ,都表现出了它独有的特征     

论中国回族及其文化

回族是在中国历史上发展形成的一个民族群体,并对中国社会发生重大的影响。把民族与宗教信仰紧密联系在一起,是中国回族最突出的特点,也是最重要的特点。中国回族实际上是直接受到两种思想和两种文化的影响和教育。中国回族先民在融会贯通伊斯兰思想和儒家思想方面,有许多创新和独到之处,积累了丰富的经验,提出了许多切实可行的理论和观点,取得了很好的效果,也树立了不同思想和文化之间交流和对话的典范。今天,在新形势下,我们更应该发扬这种精神,积极创造条件,加强民族团结,促进社会和谐。     

元代回回人的宗教制度与伊斯兰教法

本文研究了元代回回社会中的宗教制度和伊斯兰教法。作者认为,元代回回社会中存在着官方认可的管理者和更小的民间宗教事务管理者两套系统。伊斯兰教法约束了回回人的行为规范,并且对元代多元法律文化的形成产生了影响。在多元文化的发展过程中,“回回法”同“汉法”及“蒙古法”有一个冲突和融合的过程。     

清至民国时期的东北民神

民神信仰是民俗文化的重要组成部分,东北地区由于特殊的历史和地理背景,在其民神形成的历史过程中,既有与全国民神共同的特点,也有自身的地城特征.