电子商务立法的国际比较及对我国的启示

电子商务的迅速发展实质性地改变了传统市场交易的形式。而作为法律调整和规范的主要对象之一，交易形式的变化要求有新的法律规定与之相适应。在国际上，关于电子商务的立法活动已经形成了一种浪潮。而我国的电子商务立法工作却一直进展缓慢。其中有认识上的问题，更主要的是立法经验的不足。借鉴有关国家电子商务立法的先进经验，我国应当尽快建立和完善电子商务法制，这其中包括应当建立关于电子签名、电子商务认证、电子合同、电子支付等方面的法律规则与制度。     

A non-profit approach to addressing the effects of urbanization in the Lake Pontchartrain Basin, Louisiana

The Lake Pontchartrain Basin in southeast Louisiana is an estuarine watershed encompassing New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and wetlands that are an integral part of Louisiana's unique culture. In recent decades rapid growth and poorly planned development have resulted in a decrease in water quality and habitat loss, especially in St. Tammany Parish on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain. In 1989, the Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation (LPBF), an environmental, non-profit organization, was formed to address and rectify environmental issues in the Basin. LPBF accomplishes its mission through programs addressing water quality, habitat protection, geographic information science, public access, and education.LPBF used the recent, rapid development occurring in St. Tammany Parish as a case study to examine the relationship between land use, water quality, and development in the Basin by investigating habitat change/urbanization, development in flood plains, and water quality. Through the integration of LPBF programs, it was found that urbanization is having a devastating impact on the parish's natural habitats and severely degrading water quality. Using these results, LPBF is educating Basin citizens on the protection of their habitats and water quality to insure that these resources may be available for future generations.     

An affine‐invariant multivariate sign test for cluster correlated data

The author presents a multivariate location model for cluster correlated observations. He proposes an affine‐invariant multivariate sign statistic for testing the value of the location parameter. His statistic is an adaptation of that proposed by Randles (2000). The author shows, under very mild conditions, that his test statistic is asymptotically distributed as a chi‐squared random variable under the null hypothesis. In particular, the test can be used for skewed populations. In the context of a general multivariate normal model, the author obtains values of his test's Pitman asymptotic efficiency relative to another test based on the overall average. He shows that there is an improvement in the relative performance of the new test as soon as intra‐cluster correlation is present Even in the univariate case, the new test can be very competitive for Gaussian data. Furthermore, the statistic is easy to compute, even for large dimensional data. The author shows through simulations that his test performs well compared to the average‐based test. He illustrates its use with real data.     

略论邓小平理论萌芽的界定及其标志

作为邓小平理论萌芽的标志不是某一具体的时间、论著、观点。对邓小平理论萌芽应作出系统的、全面的科学界定。邓小平理论萌芽的标志应该是时间段、论著链、观点网     

Sampling from spatial databases

This paper deals with techniques for obtaining random point samples from spatial databases. We seek random points from a continuous domain (usually ²) which satisfy a spatial predicate that is represented in the database as a collection of polygons. Several applications of spatial sampling (e.g. environmental monitoring, agronomy, forestry, etc) are described. Sampling problems are characterized in terms of two key parameters: coverage (selectivity), and expected stabbing number (overlap). We discuss two fundamental approaches to sampling with spatial predicates, depending on whether we sample first or evaluate the predicate first. The approaches are described in the context of both quadtrees and R-trees, detailing the sample first, acceptance/rejection tree, and partial area tree algorithms. A sequential algorithm, the one-pass spatial reservoir algorithm is also described. The relative performance of the various sampling algorithms is compared and choice of preferred algorithms is suggested. We conclude with a short discussion of possible extensions.     

地理信息系统在区域经济研究中的应用

GIS技术从空间角度表达、分析各种数据,使存在于区域间的各种关系一目了然,从而为区域经济研究提供一种将空间维度融入传统经济分析与决策的新思维和新方法。基于GIS系统的区域经济研究,以区域经济发展的相关要素为内容,以GIS技术为手段,并借助计算机技术、数据库技术和信息技术将,为区域经济决策提供交互式的、可视化的信息。     

ＧＩＳ技术支持下的北宋初期丝路要道灵州道复原研究

在９世纪后半叶乃至整个１０世纪的丝绸之路东、中段交通网络系统中，灵州道占有一席之地。宋初，大食、回鹘、于阗以及归义军等民族政权多通过灵州道与北宋王朝进行经贸、文化往来。本文主要针对这一时段内灵州道的畅通情况及其道路性质进行探讨，在原有文献考证的基础上，利用考古资料、ＧＩＳ技术，尽可能实现对灵州道古地名数据的精确地理定位，最后使用ＡＲＣＧＩＳ技术，绘制灵州道的道路走向地图，为北宋灵州道区域的政治、经济、文化交流综合研究提供地理学依据。     

清代广西三界庙地理分布与三界神信仰探析

三界庙在清代广西各府中都有分布,主要集中分布在南宁、浔州、郁林、平乐、梧州等五府(州),呈现出一种沿着西江流域自东向西递减的分布规律,在郁江两岸分布最为密集。清代广西已经初步形成了三界神祭祀圈,而这种祭祀圈的出现与三界神的现实功利色彩有着密不可分的关系。     

Sign Restrictions,Structural Vector Autoregressions,and Useful Prior Information

This paper makes the following original contributions to the literature. (i) We develop a simpler analytical characterization and numerical algorithm for Bayesian inference in structural vector autoregressions (VARs) that can be used for models that are overidentified, just‐identified, or underidentified. (ii) We analyze the asymptotic properties of Bayesian inference and show that in the underidentified case, the asymptotic posterior distribution of contemporaneous coefficients in an n‐variable VAR is confined to the set of values that orthogonalize the population variance–covariance matrix of ordinary least squares residuals, with the height of the posterior proportional to the height of the prior at any point within that set. For example, in a bivariate VAR for supply and demand identified solely by sign restrictions, if the population correlation between the VAR residuals is positive, then even if one has available an infinite sample of data, any inference about the demand elasticity is coming exclusively from the prior distribution. (iii) We provide analytical characterizations of the informative prior distributions for impulse‐response functions that are implicit in the traditional sign‐restriction approach to VARs, and we note, as a special case of result (ii), that the influence of these priors does not vanish asymptotically. (iv) We illustrate how Bayesian inference with informative priors can be both a strict generalization and an unambiguous improvement over frequentist inference in just‐identified models. (v) We propose that researchers need to explicitly acknowledge and defend the role of prior beliefs in influencing structural conclusions and we illustrate how this could be done using a simple model of the U.S. labor market.     

《八月之光》的空间批评解读

《八月之光》以美国南方封闭守旧的杰佛生镇为背景,作为福克纳独创“约克纳帕塔法”世系的坐标因子,该地理空间延续着内战的精神创伤,铺设了种族歧视与迫害的温床。空间批评学聚焦空间的社会文化属性,文学文本空间成为内含多维指涉意义的指示系统。运用列斐伏尔的“空间三元辩证法”,从物理、心理以及社会空间3个层面展开探索,通过主人公乔·克里斯默斯的视角投射出该地理空间下黑白聚居区的冲突与碰撞,个人心理空间中疑似“黑白混血儿”的主体意识的坍塌及白人主导的社会空间对“无身份”种族的围剿。