Transnational policy entrepreneurs and the cultivation of influence: individuals,organizations and their networks

ABSTRACT

The ‘policy entrepreneur’ concept arises from the Multiple Streams’ theory of agenda setting in Policy Studies. Through conceptual stretching’, the concept is extended to global policy dynamics. Unlike ‘advocacy networks’ and ‘norm entrepreneurs’, the discussion addresses the strategies of ‘insider’ or ‘near-governmental’ non-state actors. The analysis advances the policy entrepreneur concept in three directions. First, the discussion develops the transnational dimensions of this activity through a case study of International Crisis Group. Second, rather than focusing on charismatic individuals, the discussion emphasizes the importance of organizational resources and reputations for policy entrepreneurship and access into international policy communities. Organizations maintain momentum behind policy solutions and pressures for change over the long term when individuals retire or depart for other positions. Third, the discussion outlines four distinct entrepreneur strategies and techniques that both individuals and organizations cultivate and deploy to enhance their power and persuasion in global policy processes and politics.     

政治课“激凝·讨论”教学模式优化选择的实践与研究

政治课教学“激疑·讨论”模式,不同于传统的讲授法单向信息传递与谈话法一对一信息交流的模式,而是由教师主动设置疑问(激疑),以引起学生兴趣并质疑,然后通过师生间的互动讨论(释疑),最后求得共识与真知(无疑),从而培养学生的求知能力与主体意识,并进行思想政治上的自我教育。     

四级阅读测试题型与对策

分析了最近 1 3年 2 2套四级考试阅读理解部分全部问题 ,并以文字、图表数据说明五类题型的比例及测试特点。同时结合《大学英语教学大纲》,分析了师生在平常教与学的过程中可采取的对策。     

问题:科学创新的起点

从问题的角度出发 ,提出了问题是科学创新的起点 ,并进一步阐述了问题的来源和问题的意义。只要我们善于从问题出发 ,立足于问题 ,我们的科学创新就会有一番新天地。     

Priority Setting for the Distribution of Localized Hazard Protection

We address the problem of distributing safety-enhancing devices across a region, where each identical device provides for only local protection of the population. The devices protect nonidentical sectors of the population. The sectors of population are exposed to nonidentical intensities of hazard. A method for the screening and prioritizing of needs for the protective devices is described. An approach of risk-benefit-cost analysis under uncertainty is recommended as follows. Measures of hazard intensity and population exposure are identified. Exogenous parameters that influence assessments of risks, benefits, and costs are identified. Uncertainties of the exogenous parameters are propagated by interval analysis. Several tiers of the plausibility of need for protection are identified. The tiers are useful in setting priorities for the distribution of the safety devices. The method is demonstrated in an engineering application to roadway lighting, but has implications for disaster preparedness, anti-terrorism, transportation safety, and other arenas of public safety.     

语言多属性决策的目标规划模型

研究了只有部分属性权重信息、属性值以语言变量或不确定语言变量形式给出且决策者对方案有偏好信息的语言多属性决策问题.给出了语言变量和不确定语言变量的运算法则,以及不确定语言变量之间比较的可能度公式,定义了语言变量的偏离度概念.在属性值以1)语言变量和2)不确定语言变量,这两种形式给出的情形下,分别建立了一个基于偏离度的目标规划模型,并通过求解这两种模型分别获得相应的属性权重.然后对于情形1),利用语言加权平均(LWA)算子,对语言决策信息进行加权集成,继而对方案进行排序和择优;对于情形2),利用不确定语言加权平均(ULWA)算子,对不确定语言决策信息进行加权集成,并利用可能度公式构造可能度矩阵(互补判断矩阵),继而利用互补判断矩阵排序公式对决策方案进行排序和择优.最后进行了实例分析.     

法哲学基本问题论辩

当前,国内不少学者认为权利和义务的关系问题乃法哲学基本问题,纵观法哲学发展史,法哲学理论研究无不是围绕着法的思维与法的存在及其相互关系而展开的,因此法哲学基本问题则应界定为法的思维与法的存在的关系问题,明确法哲学基本问题对于法哲学理论研究与法治实践有着重大意义。     

境生象外意发其中——浅谈唐宋诗词中夕阳意象的意境表现

意象是客观物象与审美主体情意的组合,审美主体的独特情感使得意象具有了无尽的审美意蕴。唐宋诗词中出现的夕阳意象以其独特的审美特征被诗人借以抒发自己的人生领悟。由夕阳意象营造出的意境展现了一种历史的阔大,在生动明晰的夕阳图景之外,隐约呈现出诸多层次的缥缈空灵的意象情趣,给读者创造了一个"境生象外,意发其中"的广阔审美空间。     

我国民事法律行为合法性标准质疑

从传统民法对法律行为的界说出发,在对我国民事法律行为合法性标准进行质疑的基础上,提出了我国民法应以设权的意思表示作为民事法律行为的本质标准。     

我国环境权之探究

环境权是环境法的核心问题。在环境问题日益严重的今天,环境权作为与环境破坏、环境污染作斗争的重要法律武器,其地位的重要性是毋庸置疑的,但是自20世纪60年代世界范围内提出"环境权"这一概念以来,几十年过去了,理论上的混乱、立法上的迟缓和司法实践中的被排斥,与学者们当初提出"环境权"时的热情形成了强烈的反差。正是对现有的环境权理论进行分析,希望能从中找出环境权处于困境的原因,并提出走出困境的设想。