The mediating role of coping self‐efficacy beliefs on the relationship between parental conflict and child psychological adjustment

The effect of parental conflict on children's psychological adjustment is variable. Coping self‐efficacy refers to a person's perceived ability to self‐motivate and access the required cognitive resources to take control of, or exert their coping efforts in a stressful situation. This study investigated the mediating role of children's coping self‐efficacy beliefs between parental conflict and children's psychological adjustment (internalizing, externalizing, anxiety, and prosocial behavior). The participants were 663 school students in grade 5 (M = 10.17 years, SD = .53) and grade 7 (M = 12.11 years, SD = .52). The ethnic composition of the sample was approximately 72% White, 20% Asian, 4% Middle Eastern, and 4% from other ethnic groups. Coping self‐efficacy for avoiding maladaptive cognitions mediated the effect of parental conflict on children's internalizing symptoms longitudinally. The higher the level of parental conflict, the lower the level of children's coping self‐efficacy for avoiding maladaptive cognitions and in turn the higher their levels of internalizing. These findings support the mediational role of children's coping self‐efficacy beliefs in the context of parental conflict. It is proposed that these beliefs should be considered in designing and implementing preventative interventions for children in the context of parental conflict.     

调整经济结构,促进国民经济持续、快速、健康发展

调整经济结构是实现经济发展和增长的基础,也是加入经济全球化大循环的必然选择.我国的经济结构在经济转型中存在着诸多矛盾产业结构、产品结构、企业组织结构与市场经济的矛盾;企业经营机制与市场经济要求的矛盾等.经济结构不合理会给经济的发展造成很多困难,很可能使我们丧失知识经济时代所带来的机遇.我们必须坚持经济结构调整的原则,探讨调整经济结构的对策,以利于国民经济的健康发展.     

加快黑龙江省经济结构调整的思考

经济结构的战略性调整是关系黑龙江省经济发展的关键问题,要实现这一战略性调整,解放思想,转变观念是前提.只有站在历史和现实的角度,充分认识国内、国际经济发展的新形势、新特点,才能够很好地把握方向,完成经济结构的战略性调整.在具体实施过程中,必须结合黑龙江省经济实际,遵循市场原则、效益原则、企业主体原则和区域经济原则,制定出切实可行的措施,做到重点突出,以点带面,尤其要率先抓好技术结构调整.     

The Role of Perceived Friendship Self‐efficacy as a Protective Factor against the Negative Effects of Social Victimization

This study examined perceived friendship self‐efficacy as a protective factor against the negative effects associated with social victimization in adolescents. The sample consisted of 1218 participants (557 males, age range 12–17 years). Perceived friendship self‐efficacy was associated with lower internalizing scores irrespective of adolescents' social victimization level and with lower externalizing scores at low, but not high, levels of social victimization. Furthermore, the relationship between perceived friendship self‐efficacy and all forms of adjustment did not differ between boys and girls, or between adolescents in both reciprocated and unilateral very best friendships. The role of perceived friendship self‐efficacy as a protective factor amenable to intervention in social bullying at school is discussed.     

Preliminary-Data Error and Monetary Aggregate Targeting

Preliminary monetary aggregate data are subject to subsequent revision because of errors from seasonal and nonseasonal sources that will only be known later. This article examines the characteristics of these revision errors and analyzes their possible effect on monetary policy. It is found that false signals, in the sense that the preliminary M1 growth rate falls within the tolerance band set monthly by the Federal Open Market Committee while the final revised figure lies outside the tolerance limits, or vice versa, occur about two-fifths of the time. It is shown that this proportion can be halved by the adoption of improved seasonal adjustment procedures.     

Subject‐level matching for imbalance in cluster randomized trials with a small number of clusters

In a cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT), the number of randomized units is typically considerably smaller than in trials where the unit of randomization is the patient. If the number of randomized clusters is small, there is a reasonable chance of baseline imbalance between the experimental and control groups. This imbalance threatens the validity of inferences regarding post‐treatment intervention effects unless an appropriate statistical adjustment is used. Here, we consider application of the propensity score adjustment for cluster RCTs. For the purpose of illustration, we apply the propensity adjustment to a cluster RCT that evaluated an intervention to reduce suicidal ideation and depression. This approach to adjusting imbalance had considerable bearing on the interpretation of results. A simulation study demonstrates that the propensity adjustment reduced well over 90% of the bias seen in unadjusted models for the specifications examined. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Confidence regions for parameters in linear models with additional information

Using given significant additional information it is possible to improve different confidence regions for the regression parameters in a linear model. Thereby, the given informations may concern the expectation and (or) the variance of the observations, and an improvement is possible in the sense of the decrease of the confidence regions' size. In particular it is possible to improve the so called confidence ellipsoids which are often used to estimate the considered parameters.     

To What Extent Can the School Reduce the Gaps Between Children Raised by Divorced and Intact Families

This study deals with the extent and conditions under which the school can compensate children for the deficit in parental investment due to the divorce of their parents. Pair matched samples of one- and two-parent children from seven elementary schools, located near Tel Aviv, Israel, are compared. Children raised by divorced mothers in regular schools turned out to have lower scholastic achievements as well as lower popularity (among peers) than children raised in intact families. However when the same comparison was carried out in an experimental school having an extended school day and student participation, most of these differences dissapeared. Some implications of these findings for educational policy are discussed.     

A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Social Support on the Psychological Adjustment of Divorced Mothers

Social support has been frequently hypothesized as a significant moderating influence on the adverse consequences of marital disruption. This exploratory longitudinal study examined the impact of social support on the psychological adjustment of divorced mothers. Divorced mothers provided social network information and psychological adjustment profiles at two months and six months following divorce. Results indicate that there were major changes in the structural and interactional characteristics of the participants' social networks over time. Some types of social support were related to well-being and several structural and interactional characteristics of the social network were related to adjustment.     

An Evaluation of Divorce Support Groups

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate support groups among divorced people. Eleven females and seven males participated in three groups. The participants were interviewed, and some themes were considered. Among these were what it had meant for the subjects to participate in a group, what were the most important functions of the group, and if the participants had benefited psychologically from participating in the group. Four therapeutic factors seemed to be of particular importance. First, meeting people with the same thoughts and feelings, and increased insight of themselves and others. Further, feeling accepted and supported, and expressing difficult feelings were important factors. Group participation increased the subjects' well-being, for example, they felt more normal and less depressed.