伊斯兰革命前后美国对伊政策述评

1979年的伊朗伊斯兰革命的爆发是美国在中东外交的一大挫败。美国在这一革命前后所采取的政策充分表明了美国试图控制伊朗局势的努力与伊朗社会现实的不合拍,表明美国行政当局对伊朗社会演变的不了解。而美国外交政策在伊期兰革命前后的摇摆,更表明了美国外交中某些外强中干的本质。     

托克维尔论法国大革命

在《旧制度与大革命》这部关于法国大革命的专著中,托克维尔对法国大革命进行了独到的论述。他的论述包括:将旧制度推翻的法国大革命在另一方面又是旧制度的继承人;就地点而言,革命发生于封建压迫不太重的地方(即法国);就革命的时机来说,法国大革命爆发于所谓的繁荣时期;法国大革命为何如此剧烈?原因在于启蒙思想家的作用、政治革命与宗教革命同时进行的后果、旧制度对人民进行了革命的教育、与大革命的目的有关、法兰西民族性格的影响等等。     

康德先天图式与认识论革命

康德自称在认识论上发动了“哥白尼式革命”,但他的论断名不符实。在笔者看来,认识论上的大革命始于对康德先天认知结构思想的否定,终于对它的否定之否定,而这一工作是由历代马克思主义者逐步完成的:他们应用历史的、实践的、辩证的观点,首先解决了认识的基础、能动性与矛盾性的问题,发现了认识运动的宏观规律,继而解决了先天认知结构和后天认知结构的关系问题,进一步揭示了认识活动的微观规律,最终完成了康德带头发动而无力推进的认识论变革与创新的伟大任务。     

论人文观念的近代科学基础

近代科学革命不仅是科学精神的重要基础,而且同样是人文精神的重要基础。深刻理解人文观念的近代科学基础,对于深入认识、弘扬科学精神和人文精神,具有极其重要的意义。以哥白尼革命和牛顿力学为基础的近代科学革命为人的发现建立了必要的理论基础,重新确立了上帝与人的关系,即人在宇宙中的地位。近代科学革命使人的本质地位得以提升,即人的理性能力的提高,对人的观念的彻底改变。近代科学革命对于西方社会基本的现代价值观念的形成和发展所发挥的作用十分重要,它力图实现科学与价值的完全统一,以理性为基础,确立了“民主与科学”统一的基本理念。这也是构建现代文明大厦的最重要的基石。     

The household inventory as urban ‘theatre’ in late medieval Burgundy

In 1413 at the death of his wife Guillemot, Jean Aubert, a group of witnesses and a clerk of the local mayoralty met to value the possessions of their residence, resulting in an inventory full of notes and values on rooms and their objects. Within the existing historiography of the Burgundian Netherlands and its northern European neighbours, inventories and their objects tend to be analysed from two perspectives: the Burgundian court and the ‘consumer revolution’. Applying insights from Erving Goffman and Bruno Latour, this article suggests a third perspective should have priority: the urban ‘theatre’ within which objects were documented and placed. Therefore it sets up an alternate methodology which begins with the inventory to build a picture of the theatre (the urban context and residence), the actors (the Aubert family) and the audience (the witnesses of the inventory) to establish new insights into the operation of Burgundian power and the dynamics of the ‘consumer revolution’.     

The Practical Logic of the Comintern from the Perspective of World Revolution

As a “World Communist Party” organization, the Comintern was profoundly influential in the history of the international Communist movement. The Comintern was established on the theoretical foundation of the theory of world revolution, but it underestimated how long that would take. Despite being the unified organizational vehicle of the “World Communist Party,” the Comintern underestimated the complexity of relations between itself and each country’s Communist Party, among these national Communist parties, and between Communist and social democratic parties. A classic example was the fact that although the Comintern developed close relationships with the Communist Party of China (CPC), it underestimated the particularity of Chinese revolution.     

COMMENTARY (12 YEARS ON) ON ‘THE CONTRIBUTION OF OBSERVATION TRAINING TO PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOCIAL WORK’ BY JUDITH TROWELL AND GILLIAN MILES

This article aims to stimulate discussion about relationships between the lives of professionals and of service users. The idea is that when parallels are explored and developed, power dynamics between professionals and social workers are reduced, the quality of interaction and work with service users can be improved, and professionals can also be helped in overcoming difficulties in their own lives. I start with an outline of my own personal background and highlight my development throughout, including my emerging identity as a Buddhist. I discuss a case study involving ‘Sally’ and her family and our work together while I was a social work assistant in a Children and Family's team. I try to show the interconnections between the different difficulties that we faced and how that informed my work. I look at some of the benefits, pitfalls and boundaries of working from the point of view that service user and professional are both working to overcome their problems. I also interweave interactions I had at the time with Carlos, a drug user friend in a crisis and the impact he had on me. Because I include my own situation I have called this article a ‘case experience’.

Throughout I refer to Buddhist and psychoanalytic thinking and particularly to agreement between the two around ideas that inner‐resistance is the main barrier to personal evolution. I argue that faith is the key to unlocking resistance, and that faith should be understood as the development of a belief within people that they are able to progress rather than be destroyed in the face of inevitable problems.     

Trends in the History of Vocational Guidance

In this article, the relationships between vocational guidance and vocational education, employment counseling, career guidance, and career counseling are explored. Also examined are the wide‐ranging federal and state policies that have stimulated and shaped the professional history of vocational guidance, vocational policy, and contemporary terms.     

“低碳城市”的道德之维及实践路径

面对城市现代化带来的负面效应挑战,“低碳城市”理念应运而生。从伦理学视角来看,“低碳城市”是一种对于人的生存方式和发展模式的道德诠释,它的出发点是“人”,实践理念是人与自然关系的和谐,价值归宿是“人,诗意的栖居”。要实现真正的“低碳城市”必须从根本上进行生产变革,同时,个体要进行“生活革命”。     

"从大患难中出来":当代历史对于丁玲们的深层责任——关于《鲁豫有约:陈明与丁玲的故事》的断想

让一位才华横溢的女作家历尽普通人无法忍受的风暴雨寒之外,历史还应该因丁玲而承担抛却起码的人道主义的“灭绝人性”的责任;使一代“忠臣”灵魂饱受熬煎和扭曲的责任;扼杀艺术人格、制造“失语者”和“缺席者”的责任;对政治“心有余悸”、对文坛不再信任的责任。