Warum werden Arbeiterkinder vom Studium an Universitäten abgelenkt? Eine empirische Überprüfung der „Ablenkungsthese“ von Müller und Pollak (2007) und ihrer Erweiterung durch Hillmert und Jacob (2003)

Why are the working- class children diverted from universities? In spite of the educational expansion, the decline of inequalities of educational opportunities in schools, and the institutional reforms in vocational training and university education, the access to tertiary education at university remains still remarkably unequal across social classes. In accordance with the ?diversion thesis‘ suggested by Müller and Pollak and extended by Hillmert and Jacob working class children are lead away from the direct path to university to non-academic education institutions because of both the impact of institutional structures of the educational systems on individuals‘ educational choices and the attractiveness of alternative education and training in non-academic areas. In order to investigate how does the diversion work the mechanisms of socially selective educational choices have to be analyzed from the perspective of rational action theory. For the empirical test of the theoretical approach data about school-leaves with the ?Abitur‘ (high school degree) in the East Germany federal state Saxony are employed. Subjective evaluation of the former educational performance, the expectation to be successful at university and the subjectively expected costs are the mechanisms mainly responsible that working class children more likely choose the vocational training than education at university. In particular, the subjectively expected success at university has the greatest impact on working class children‘s educational choices leading them away from the university.     

Herausbildung einer akademischen Elite?

Given a tendency to higher third-party funding, the mechanisms of distribution of research money become more and more relevant for individual academic careers as well as for scientific institutions at large. This article focuses on an empirical test of hypotheses on the impact of universities’ size and reputation on the chances of grant approval. Using multivariate analysis of register data provided by the German Research Foundation (DFG) for all applications for single grants from 1992–2004, individual chances of grant approval as well as success rates in departmental grant acquisition are estimated. The analyses detect neither strong context effects on individual chances of grant approval nor a clear tendency towards a higher concentration of research funding on fewer universities. Only scientists working in West German universities with a long standing tradition have a slightly better chance to get research funding. At the level of university departments, higher personnel resources translate into a higher number of applications and approvals only for very large institutions. Regarding funding of single grants, there is no trend of a growing inequality among the universities. Finally, these results are discussed with a specific reference to the recently launched “Initiative for Excellence” – a program designed in order to foster high level research in Germany – and are contrasted to some arguments of Richard Münch.     

抗疫齐动员 育人不断线

突如其来的新冠肺炎引发的疫情,导致全国高校2020年春季开学延期,“停课不停教,停课不停学”的线上教学“云课堂”成为各高校新的教学模式。南京中医药大学坚持以立德树人为根本,五育并举为目标,将课程思政与线上教学同向同行、专业知识与疫情防控相互渗透、救死扶伤与大爱精神融入课堂,构建了全员、全程、全方位的“三全育人”线上教育教学体系,打出线上教学组合拳,有力地保障线上教育教学质量。     

A Study on SMO Algorithm for Solving ϵ-SVR with Non-PSD Kernels

Sequential minimal optimization (SMO) algorithm is effective in solving large-scale support vector machine (SVM). The existing algorithms all assume that the kernels are positive definite (PD) or positive semi-definite (PSD) and should meet the Mercer condition. Some kernels, however, such as sigmoid kernel, which originates from neural network and then is extensively used in SVM, are conditionally PD in certain circumstances; in addition, practically, it is often difficult to prove whether a kernel is PD or PSD or not except some well-known kernels. So, the applications of the existing algorithm of SMO are limited. Considering the deficiency of the traditional ones, this algorithm of solving ?-SVR with nonpositive semi-definite (non-PSD) kernels is proposed. Different from the existing algorithms which must consider four Lagrange multipliers, the algorithm proposed in this article just need to consider two Lagrange multipliers in the process of implementation. The proposed algorithm simplified the implementation by expanding the original dual programming of ?-SVR and solving its KKT conditions, thus being easily applied in solving ?-SVR with non-PSD kernels. The presented algorithm is evaluated using five benchmark problems and one reality problem. The results show that ?-SVR with non-PSD provides more accurate prediction than that with PD kernel.     

A new model for examining the leader – member exchange (LMX) theory

The theory of leader?–?member exchange (LMX) is re-examined. The concepts of social and economic exchange misused in previous research are clarified. A model that describes the exchange relationships between manager and subordinates is presented. The model challenges the well-accepted positive relationship between high quality of LMXs and organizational performance in previous studies by pointing out that the relationship may lead to negative results. New research propositions based upon the model are offered to encourage further research efforts.     

关于中国当前三个社会问题的思考

本文作者认为，搞好我国国有企业的关键不是产权改革，而是国企经营机制的转变和企业经营者的选择等。在我国国企模式问题上，作者认为不应照搬西方国企的模式．更不应照搬美国国企的模式。我国国企既要具有一般企业的特点，更要具有中国社会主义国企的特色。在如何发展私营经济问题上，作者认为应采取平等国民待遇的政策支持其发展，不宜采取优惠的方针支持其发展，更不能采用“明卖暗送”、“半卖半送”的办法来支持其发展。最后作者认为，要搞好中国的事情，必须再加大反腐力度，否则什么事情也难以真正办好。     

重新审视欠发达地区的资源优势战略

认为欠发达地区建立在地区低级要素比较优势基础上的资源优势战略面对当前国内相对过剩经济的影响和国际激烈竞争的冲击，其局限性日益明显，必须加以重新审视。降低政府费用以增强地区比较优势，突出政府的固定性要素地位应成为欠发达地区增强优势的突破口。     

Möglichkeiten einer abgestimmten internen Unternehmenskommunikation

A strategically aligned communication is increasingly a key success factor for companies. This paper analyses in a first step what an efficient internal communication in organizations can achieve, and then, in a second step, what role managers take within this communication process.A questionnaire filled-in by leaders of a company is used as a mean to provide information about the perception of those concerning the efficiency of internal communication in general, as well as, in particular, the efficiency of their own company’s internal communication. It is then questioned if it beneficial to have an aligned internal communication targeted only towards managers of the same company and if this would be useful to motivate employees for the company’s common goals.     

论传统祭祀铸牢中华民族共同体意识的机制

传统祭祀是社会道德生活的整合器,是赋予社会成员公共意识、公共理性的重要途径。中国传统祭祀作为社会记忆贮存器,承载了许多原型要素、生命母题和价值隐喻,反映了中华民族独特的宇宙观、文化心理和精神支撑,蕴含着中华民族共同体意识的培育机制,并成为卓有成效的文化认同实践形式。祭祀的整合功能是传统国家建构自身的需要,中国传统祭祀是一种特殊的社会整合形式,它通过剧场政治语境下公共仪式空间的建构和持续重建,规范社会行为,培育中华民族共同体意识。     

略论“文化战略”语境下高等教育的文化引领

语境是一个意义抽象而广泛和具有综合性的概念。从党的十七届六中全会提出的＂文化强国＂战略目标出发,进行＂文化战略＂语境的思想认知阐释,并结合高等教育所担承的人才培养、科学研究、社会服务等职能,强调它在推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣中应发挥的作用,同时就其文化引领功能的彰显和优势的发挥进行学理层面的探究。