Gender,Mothering And Relational Work

Relationships are fundamental to the work of teachers, nurses and social workers. Women by and large staff these occupations which are also called ‘relationship work’. In this article we compare the feminine ideal (often implicitly derived from a maternal ideal) with the ideal held by female relation workers. We suggest that taken for granted ideals of perfectionism in mothering are carried into relation work by the female relation workers themselves and the society at large. As a consequence, female relationship workers have a constrained portrait of themselves, leaving little opportunity and permission to explore the difficult emotional and situational complexities that they experience in their professional practice. Psychoanalytic and feminist perspectives allow challenging of these constraining implicit ideals. We argue the need for an expanded ideal that allows for negative feelings, creativity and uncertainty in professional relationships.     

Scriptes de la démocratie : les sténographes et rédacteurs des débats (1848-2005)

The history and sociology of a special group of civil servants are presented, namely: stenographers in parliament, an occupation closely tied to the history of parliamentary government in most democracies. During the xixth century, French stenographers proposed their services to legislative bodies. They tested and validated their theoretical systems and know-how while promising to contribute to a much higher public good: the publication of parliamentary proceedings, a necessity for defining and developing democracy. Following a system for recording proceedings that was close to the British liberal model, a corps of stenographers was established in 1848, and then again under the Third Republic-without interruption up till 2004. The duty of these civil servants was to produce the full, official account of parliamentary proceedings, which would serve as proof for the press and for history. Based on original material drawn from sociology and history, this inquiry seeks to see how institutions are shaped, produced and reproduced through the knowledge and deeds that incarnate values and shape institutions. Besides the publication of parliamentary proceedings, the technical, material and social conditions are discussed that led the National Assembly to become a political institution.     

《飘》中郝思嘉形象魅力解读

《飘》中的主人公郝思嘉是世界文学中具有普遍意义的人物形象。她之所以有经久不衰的魅力,在于郝思嘉表现出来的独立的人格、自由的精神、坚强的性格和现实的人生态度、身处逆境而不甘沉沦的精神、顽强的生活能力和对爱情的执著追求;在于郝思嘉形象所蕴涵的关于现代人类的某些带普遍性的生存状态和精神形态以及作家对此的独特审视与参悟;在于作家把握这一形象时所选择的视角与现代读者的心理、心态、情绪、意识极为切近;在于《飘》中郝思嘉形象所折射出的女性价值观使她具有了新的意义。     

Investigating Gender Differences in the Meaning of Household Chores and Child Care

This study examines factors related to the affective meanings (evaluation, potency, and activity) that spouses and cohabitors (N= 309) attach to child care, baby care, and 9 household chores. Gender is related to about a third of these task meanings. Consistent with the feminine care hypothesis, women consider baby care and laundry especially good, potent, and active and consider meal preparation particularly powerful, although contrary to this hypothesis women evaluate washing dishes less positively than men. Consistent with the masculine care hypothesis, men consider auto work and yard work especially good and powerful. When paid and unpaid work patterns are controlled, however, 9 of the 12 gender differences become nonsignificant and 4 new gender differences are identified, suggesting that work patterns both mediate and suppress some gender differences in task meanings. Gender also moderates the relationship between work and 12 task meanings. In several of these equations, women's proportion of nonmasculine work is negatively related to the goodness or the power they associate with a nonmasculine task.     

中国当代文学中的女性话语流变

建国后在半个多世纪的历史时期内,中国女性话语先后经历了社会主义、贤妻良母主义、消费主义等几种话语逆转。国家政治经济形势的变迁对女性话语有极大的影响,同时中国当代的文学艺术也积极参与了女性身份的话语制造。对意识形态笼罩下的女性角色应该葆有一份应有的性别觉醒。     

从女性主义的视角重新解读陶兰

本文对于《早春二月》中的陶兰进行了女性主义视角的解读。陶兰不仅是一位有计划、有方法、勇于追求爱情的新女性,更加具有追求女性解放、女性独立的意识,从而成为“十七年电影”中少见的带有女性主义色彩的人物形象。     

广告的文化暗示与女大学生的女性意识生成

在大众传播日益发达的今天,广告已经成为学校德育和素质教育的外部精神文化环境的重要组成部分,广告的社会导向会影响到学校教育的效果。广告的文化暗示对女大学生的女性气质、女性意识生成具有重要影响。     

略论台湾当代女性散文中的女性意识

台湾老一辈女性散文家与传统文化的联系比较紧密,其女性意识显示出温婉典雅的风范,又往往带有文化转型期所持有的矛盾情感。60年代以后登上文坛的散文家,其女性意识的独立性和审思性大大超过了前辈。这种女性意识在八九十年代达到了峰巅。     

Any Difference? An Analysis of Gender and Divisional Management Styles in a Large Airline

There has been much debate as to whether women manage differently from men and whether this may constitute a reason for women's lack of progress to the top echelons of organizations (Tanton 1994; Coyle 1993; Still 1994; Wajcman 1998). This article locates the sameness/difference debate in a wider analysis of management styles, with particular attention paid to the business function. It is also suggested that any debate on styles must take place within a feminist theoretical framework which acknowledges inequalities of power, economic and patriarchal interests. Management skills are socially constructed (Phillips and Taylor 1980) and change according to social and economic conditions. The article shows that business function is the most important influence on management style. The author contends, like others, that even in times of great change, men seem to be able to hold on to the most powerful positions in organizations (Cockburn 1986; Savage and Witz 1992; Collinson et al. 1990). The convergence of patriarchal interests with business interests ultimately determines what style is valued. The much vaunted feminization of management (Rosener 1990) does not mean that more women are to be found in senior positions in organizations. Nor do large numbers of women managers necessarily lead to a more feminized management style (Kanter 1977). Stereotypes of women still act against their acceptance into positions of power while men's ability to adopt some of traditionally feminine skills of communication means that women's supposed advantage (Rosener 1990) may have been leapfrogged.     

试论《杨家将演义》作者的女性意识

本文论述了在明代“内忧外患”的历史环境下,《杨家将演义》的作者通过塑造一批神采熠熠、家喻户晓的巾帼英雄群像,表现出他的肯定女性自身价值、赞美男女平等的先进女性意识。