读《永生医院》，想象“永生”——从“写什么”说到“生生”

文章以郝景芳在《永生医院》中遭遇到的"永生"问题为切入点,在中西方生命哲学的大背景下,对当代科技手段制造出来的"新人"所带来的文化冲击和个体生命的意义危机进行了深入的思考。作者从中国传统的"生生"哲学出发,深入剖析了以技艺人的工作经验为基础的古希腊"制造"哲学借助于当代科技手段造成的生命哲学危机,指出"永生"不是生命的最高目标,唯有在变动不息的"生生"之中,才有生命的真实意义。     

中国古代“活法”观及其哲学渊源

宋朝政府建立了较为完善的医药储藏机构和安全监管措施。其中中央医药行政管理机构主要为翰林医官院(局)和太府寺药案,这是朝廷建立的最高医疗行政管理机构和医药管理机构。皇宫御药的制造与储藏机构有翰林医官院、御药院、尚药局,官府药库有香药库、珠玉香药库、药蜜库、后苑东门药库、寄桩库、熟药库等,专门储藏皇帝和朝廷所需的各种名贵药材和成药等。朝廷设立的市易务卖药所、收买药材所、太医局熟药所、和剂局和惠民局等,主要负责官府药局中药材的采购和成药的生产与销售等,同时也肩负药材、成药的储藏。宋朝地方州府和南宋时期设立的总领所、都统司、安抚司惠民局,一方面负责地方州府军监、所、司所需药物的生产与销售,另一方面也是地方医药的保管场所。泉州、明州、广州、登州等地设立的市舶司,负责海外药材的登记、辨验、保管与押运进京等。为了保证药物质量安全,宋朝政府对医药储藏制定了保管、库存、登记、毁弃等制度,严格执行药物入库和出库检查,严厉打击盗窃、伪造、冒用和盗卖官府药物的非法行径。     

“三治融合”乡村治理体系的“法治”进路

在乡村振兴战略的推进过程中,我国逐渐形成了"自治""法治""德治"相结合的"三治融合"乡村治理体系。其中,"法治"作为"三治融合"的中坚力量,在我国乡村治理体系的"自治"与"德治"之间起到了承上启下的作用。由于乡村法治体系在立法、执法、守法等方面均存在客观局限性,使得在推进乡村治理体系建设的过程中存在"法治"薄弱化、虚置化、边缘化的困境。要解决上述问题,必须完善中国特色社会主义乡村法律体系,提高乡村治理主体法治能力,加强乡村法治文化建设,充分发挥"法治"的衔接作用,实现"三治融合"的协调统一。     

“健康丝绸之路”构建的“政府—社会”复合路径

借鉴社会运动理论,可探索一种融合了政府自上而下和社会自下而上进程的“政府—社会”复合路径,以构建“健康丝绸之路”。社会运动理论的三种视角可为这种复合路径的具体实施与需要关注的环节带来重要启发：首先,当前新冠肺炎疫情的跨国传播暴露了全球公共卫生治理体系存在的严重不足,凸显出构建补充型国际卫生合作模式的必要性与紧迫性;其次,推进“健康丝绸之路”的构建,需要政府和社会层面的协作,将“一带一路”沿线国家的资源充分调动起来,形成优势互补与资源共享。与此同时,要推进健康话语体系的完善,如倡导和促进“人类卫生健康共同体”理念的传播,通过话语和心理共鸣等民心相通的途径,促使国际社会采取联合行动以共同应对全球公共卫生危机。     

房地分离：宅基地流转之钥——以宅基地使用权继承之困局为切入点

尽管具有一定保障性,但宅基地制度的首要目标在于经济管理,其表面上强调“户有所居”,实际是“户有定居”。宅基地上使用权所承载的管理性与农民自费建造农房所有权的私权性,存在内在的矛盾,不应适用房地一体规则,因为后者遵循着传统民法应对市场交易的基本逻辑。自然资源部所发布的文件明确了宅基地使用权可以由城镇居民继承,内核乃是基于房地一体,以房屋所有权的可继承带动宅基地使用权的可继承,颇为冒进。宅基地上所有权与房屋使用权应当分离,这将为宅基地的流转与乡村振兴提供新的契机：农房的自由流转加上宅基地使用权的农民保有,将最大限度地在现有阶段实现市场与制度的有机契合;对于取得农房的所有权人,在房地分离之下,可以借助对宅基地使用权的法定租赁来设计合理的权利结构。     

A probablistic analysis for an optimal screening problem

Summary We consider a lotL formed byN apparently similar unitsW ₁,…,W _N, where each of theW _i may come from one of two different populationsP ₁ andP ₂;T ₁,…,T _N denote the corresponding lifetimes. The units fromP _i undergo a failure of kindi and their survival function isS _i (t). We assume that the failure rate function are known and that the units fromP ₁ are ?substandard?: λ ₁ (t)≥λ ₂ (t), ∀t≥0. We want to putW ₁,…,W _N under a pre-operational test (burn-in test) in order to eliminate at least a great part of the substandard units and we face the problem of obtaining a rule for stopping the test under the assumption that, with the failure of a unit, it is possible to recognize the population from which the unit comes. Such a problem will be formalized as an optimal stopping problem for a suitably defined Markov process. Our study shall evidentiate some fundamental aspects of the problem and the role of the prior distribution of the (random) numberM ₀ of those units inL coming fromP ₁ (substandard). The latter distribution has a great influence on the form of the solution. This research was supported by the C.N.R. Project ?Statistica Bayesiana e Simulazione in Affidalità e Modellistica Biologica?.     

The impact of P.L. 93-641, the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act, upon health and mental health programming

Federal legislation regarding health care in the U.S. has increased rapidly in the past few years. A major law with potential far-reaching effects was enacted as a result of increasing legislation and rising health care costs. This law,The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act,has created a network of over 200 local, mostly nongovernment units, called health systems agencies. These agencies are responsible for areawide health planning, plan implementation, review and approval of federal health care expenditures for local programs, and facilities review. They will affect health and mental health programs at the local level. The article is directed to local health and mental health care providers who will, of necessity, deal directly with the local HSA's.     

在线双向拍卖中的不完全信息博弈仿真研究

双向拍卖机制能较好地解决在线拍卖中如何有效利用网络资源、减轻网络负荷的问题,而构造双向拍卖的报价模型和策略是其重要内容之一。从实验经济学方法的角度,构造了在线双向拍卖中不完全信息博弈下存在的贝叶斯—纳什均衡并求解,通过计算机仿真详细分析了该模型的特点和可行性,为高效利用网络资源、提高在线拍卖效率提供了可行的思路。     

现代汉语框式结构“有X没X”的构式分析

“有X没X”是现代汉语框式结构的一种较为典型的语法构式。当前,学界的研究大多是探究“有X没Y”的句法及语用表现,而对于变项“X”属同一形式的现象尚未涉及。通过外层的形式描写和深层的语义分析,鉴别“有X没X”常规和非常规的用法,指出客观叙述性和主观评价性是区别“有X没X”常规和非常规用法的主要方法。同时,利用句法功能的差异,描绘出现代汉语中“有X没X”所有类型的特点,即“有NP没NP”“有VP没VP”“有一Q没一Q”和“有的没的”4类情况的共性及个性。另外,深入诠释转指性和描述性语义特征的不同是“有X没X”常规和非常规用法区别的关键。     

Why Frequency is Not Well Defined for Engineering Systems with Nonexponential Failure Times

Dr. Yellman proposes to define frequency as “a time‐rate of events of a specified type over a particular time interval.” We review why no definition of frequency, including this one, can satisfy both of two conditions: (1) the definition should agree with the ordinary meaning of frequency, such as that less frequent events are less likely to occur than more frequent events, over any particular time interval for which the frequencies of both are defined; and (2) the definition should be applicable not only to exponentially distributed times between (or until) events, but also to some nonexponential (e.g., uniformly distributed) times. We make the simple point that no definition can satisfy (1) and (2) by showing that any definition that determines which of any two uniformly distributed times has the higher “frequency” (or that determines that they have the same “frequency,” if neither is higher) must assign a higher frequency number to the distribution with the lower probability of occurrence over some time intervals. Dr. Yellman's proposed phrase, “time‐rate of events … over a particular time interval” is profoundly ambiguous in such cases, as the instantaneous failure rates vary over an infinitely wide range (e.g., from one to infinity), making it unclear which value is denoted by the phrase “time‐rate of events.”