中国科学技术哲学三十年

科学技术哲学学科原称自然辩证法.自然辩证法传统和科学哲学传统的对峙和融合贯穿了过去三十年的发展.自然辩证法传统属于德国古典自然哲学传统,有意识形态的优势,关注社会现实问题;科学哲学传统属于逻辑经验主义传统,强调学科自主性,重视学科建设.两个传统和平共存,但带来了这个学科的致命问题:名实长期冲突,学科定位不明.     

17到19世纪自由主义与制度设计

随着现实问题的不断出现,17到19世纪的自由主义经历了历史的蜕变,由事先标榜的古典自由主义进而演化成新自由主义,后来又有新古典自由主义的出现。可以说每一种主义都积淀和凝聚了人类当时某种集体的愿望,共同的理念,那么这些主义反映到制度层面就是当时人类对于制度的设想,原则和范式思考。     

鲍德温•斯宾塞与后维多利亚时代的古典人类学

The post-Victorian anthropologist Baldwin Spencer was the first to investigate the central and northern aboriginal tribes of Australia. His ethnographic works in this area have greatly in-fluenced related disciplines and studies in fields such as kinship, totem worship, and primitive reli-gions. In the field of classics and anthropology, Spencer’s academic heritage has received wide-spread respect and recognition, and has made sub-sequent academic discussion possible. In order to present Spencer’s personal experiences and aca-demic ideas clearly and comprehensively, it is nec-essary to return to the post-Victorian context, and comb Spencer’ s life history and academic history. Taking important clues from various times an e-vents in his life, the paper introduces three peri-ods:Spencer’s early training in the discipline and his epistemic background, his medium-term eth-nographic investigations and works, and the later investigations of Tierra del Fuego. Textual study, based on Spencer’s life history and academic histo-ry, is very useful to understand his ethnographic investigations. Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer ( 1860 -1929 ) was born on 23 June, 1860 in Lancashire, Eng-land. Spencer was educated at Old Trafford School and at the Manchester School of Art. His interest in art and sketching was lifelong, and would reveal itself in his competence as a scientific draftsman and illustrator ( D. J. Mulvaney,1990 ) . Entering Owens College ( Victoria University of Manchester) in 1879, Spencer intended to study medicine. In-spired by Milnes Marshall, a disciple of Darwin disciple, he became a committed evolutionary biol-ogist, soon abandoning conventional religion. He entered the University of Oxford in 1881 to study
science under Professor H. N. Moseley, who com-bined an enthusiasm for evolutionary biology with ethnological interests. Spencer grasped Oxford ’ s diverse opportunities, which included lectures by Ruskin and E. B. Tylor. In 1887, Spencer ar-rived at Melbourne University . With his colleague Professor David Masson, Spencer helped to trans-form university standards and they co-operated as entrepreneurs of Australian science. Spencer was recruited as zoologist and photog-rapher in the 1894 Horn scientific exploration ex-pedition to central Australia. His anthropological interest was rekindled when he met F. J. Gillen, the Alice Springs postmaster, during the expedi-tion. In 1896 Spencer joined Gillen for the most intensive fieldwork then attempted in Australia. The Native Tribes of Central Australia ( 1899 ) , which resulted, was to influence contemporary theories on social evolution and interpretations of the origins of art and ceremonial practices. Spencer and Gillen drove a buggy from Oodnadatta to Borroloola in 1901-02 . Their research resulted in The Northern Tribes of Central Australia ( 1904 );Haddon had written that the names of Spencer and Gillen are familiar to every ethnologist in the world, and probably no books on ethnology have been so wide-ly noticed and criticized as have The Native Tribes of Central Australia and The Northern Tribes of Central Australia (A. C. Haddon ,1902). To assist the Government of the Common-wealth, Spencer was appointed Special Commis-sioner for Aboriginals in the Northern Territory, and also their Chief Protector. He also led three other scientists, including J. A. Gilruth, on the 1911 Preliminary Scientific Expedition. Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia (1914)
described his ethnographic observations and the ex-tensive collections made on the expedition. At the government ’ s request, Spencer visited Alice Springs and Hermannsburg in 1923 . He published The Arunta: A Study of a Stone Age People ( 2 vols, 1927 ) to respond to the criticisms derived from Carl Stretlow and defend his work. A popular rewrite of previous books followed—Wanderings in Wild Australia ( 2 vols, 1928 )—this time under his sole authorship. Spencer retired as emeritus professor in 1919 . His nerves and his judgments were impaired from the strain of continuous overwork, the virtual disin-tegration of his marriage, and he was finally hospi-talized in 1921 . His health improved and within two years he resumed anthropological activities and rebuilt his art collection. He sailed to Tierra del Fuego together with Jean Hamilton to undertake anthropological studies early in 1929. Spencer, with an unrivalled record of anthropological field-work in Australia, undertook this journey to fill a gap in our knowledge, and compare very different and remote races of mankind (A. C. H. ,1931). However, his gallant attempt was prematurely frus-trated by his death from angina pectoris, at which point he had been only two months in the field. His notes were organized and published as Spencer’s Last Journey (1931). His achievements were recognized. Elected as a fellow of the Royal Society in 1900 , he was ap-pointed C. M. G. in 1904 and K. C. M. G. in 1916 . Manchester University conferred him with an honorary doctorate of science, while Melbourne a-warded him a doctorate of letters. Exeter College, Oxford, elected him to an honorary fellowship in 1907 , and stained glass in its hall commemorates his contribution. James Frazer’s letter to Spencer in 1899 was prophetic: books like mine, merely speculative, will be superseded sooner or later ( the sooner the better for the sake of truth) by bet-ter induction based on fuller knowledge;books like yours, containing records of observations, will nev-er be superseded ( John M. Cooper, 1932 ) . Therefore, the sense and value of reading and un-derstanding Spencer and his books today goes with-out saying.     

林志纯的“中西古典学”

在理论和实践上构建“中西古典学”是林志纯（日知）先生学术成熟后用力最深的方向,是先生一生学术的精华所在,其中寄托着对未来中国世界古代史乃至整个史学研究工作的希望。林先生在讨论“中西古典学”的时候,并没有首先抽象地探讨学科划分之类的问题,而是用一种研究规划的方式勾勒出“中西古典学”的问题意识、时空范围、基本立场。本文根据林先生的理论勾勒和具体研究实践,试图重现“中西古典学”的框架,并对其中有争议的内容做出自己的理解,希望对当前关于“古典学”的讨论有所助益。     

新兴古典经济学:古典经济学的现代复兴

本文考察了现代经济学的发展过程.文章在简单地回顾了古典经济学的发展及其特点后,详尽地分析了作为现代主流经济学的新古典经济学的理论假设和方法论特点,比较分析了新古典分析框架的局限性,对近年来出现的新兴古典经济学的基本内容作了简单介绍.     

论古典诗歌叙述口吻的模糊性

我国古典诗歌的叙述口吻具有模糊性的特征。它所运用的口吻互渗、口吻互叠、口吻的转移与替代等手法使诗歌表述具有不确定性和多向性,这是促成中国诗歌独特美学品格和艺术个性的原因之一。这些艺术手法和审美方式对古典戏曲、音乐等其他艺术形式的影响也是深刻的。     

试论中国古典诗词中的听觉意象

在中国古典诗词中,听觉意象同视觉意象一样,都是诗人构筑意境、表达情感的重要手段。中国古典诗词中的种种听觉意象作为融合着民族心理性格,具有深厚的文化意味和丰富的情感意味的艺术意象,它具有类型性、集体共识性、虚拟性、情景性、寓意性、象征性和视觉、听觉综合性等特点     

造物之美:中国传统生态美学观照下的艺术设计

中国传统生态美学产生于中国古典哲学沃土之上,其中蕴含着儒、释、道丰富的人文思想和智慧。这些都成为现代艺术设计不竭的创作源泉。在中国生态美学观念引导下,造物者在设计时遵循以人为本的设计理念,注重作品的意蕴和精神内涵,追求人与自然和合相处,追求"人、物、境"协调。     

"文"辨:汉语古典诗学形式范畴系统研究

诗歌的形式创造过程("成文")乃是对语言意义表达力量不断提升("尽意")的过程,本文就在"文"之"未形-有形-无形"的纵向发展进程,及相应的在横向上对诗之"意"不断提升中,来揭示"意象"、"声情"、"神韵"等三范畴之间的内在逻辑联系."未形-有形"是诗之声文、形文的"成文"过程,"未成文"的"直言"所不能表达之"意"(言不尽意),"已成文"的具有审美创造性的"声情"、"意象"形式则可以使其得以充分的表达;"有形-无形"乃是"文"之发展的第二阶段,"文"由"美"而至于"神",声文、形文的形式有限性被超越,诗之"意"得到了第二次提升而臻于"意无穷"的最高境界--这是"神韵"范畴论所揭示的.在诗歌"成文"过程中,汉语能释放出巨大的形式创造力量与意义表达力量,并且这两种力量在高度交融中还不断地超越着自身的有限性--这就是以"文"为元范畴的形式范畴系统,所昭示出的汉语古典诗学形式理论整体上所固有的内在逻辑性,对此加以系统深入研究在理论与实践上都具有重要意义.