Effects of sharing the parental leave on pensioners’ poverty and gender inequality in old age: A simulation in IFSIM

Female old age poverty is affected by family policy reforms which are meant to promote gender equality when young. Using our in house agent based simulation model IFSIM we show that sharing equally the parental leave can increase or reduce poverty among elderly women depending on the macro and behavioural (i.e. labour supply) responses that the reform off-sets. In general, the reform can be good for highly educated women, who will have an incentive to work more full time thanks to their higher earnings, which can compensate any loss in household income due to the man's staying home. For lower educated however, work might not pay as much and a reduction in labour supply might actually ensue (e.g. to reduce childcare costs). This will reduce also their pension rights at retirement. Furthermore, keeping men at home might slow down economic growth, and consequently growth of income pension accounts will be lower. This effect, combined with lower pension contributions (due to reduced labour supply), might result in higher poverty rates for women with lower education, compared to a scenario where the woman takes the whole leave. Other policies, such as more subsidised child care, might be an alternative worth considering to reduce female poverty in old age more evenly across educational levels.     

哥白尼-牛顿时期的自然科学和18世纪的唯物主义哲学给我们的哲学启示

哥白尼－牛顿时期的自然科学状况和１８世纪的唯物主义哲学状况告诉我们：自然科学要真正成为正确哲学的基础,必须反对形而上学的世界观和思维方式;社会因素是唯心主义和唯物主义存在和发展的重要原因;唯心主义是形而上学存在和发展的重要原因。     

《李顿文件》所见之李顿中国之行

九一八事变后国际联盟派调查团赴中国调查事变真相 ,这是 1 93 0年代初远东危机中引人瞩目的一件大事。国联调查团团长英国人李顿在华期间 ,给其家人写了大量信件 ,并记有日记。李顿的这批私人文件总计约合中文 80 ,0 0 0余字 ,记载了李顿本人对日本侵略中国东北的看法 ,以及他与蒋介石、汪精卫、宋子文和日本军政要人的会谈。与公开发表的《国联调查团报告书》相比 ,它对了解国联调查团尤其是李顿的立场具有重要的史料价值。     

浅析英诗汉译的特点——比较莎士比亚Sonnet18的两篇译文

诗歌是语言的特殊形式。原语、译语不同的语言、文化、历史等因素,增加了诗歌翻译的难度。虽说好的译文在内容上应尽量忠实于原文,但就诗歌翻译而言,好的译文不仅能符合原作的音韵特点,还能再现原作的意境。以莎士比亚十四行诗Sonnet 18的两个中译本为例,分析译文的音韵、意境,浅析英诗汉译的特点。     

党的十八大以来乡村治理研究转向问题论析

我国乡村治理系统性、规范性的研究起步于20世纪80年代初,90年代以来,乡村治理研究呈现“井喷”之势。学者们多从单一、微观的视角就乡村治理的内涵、主体、制度、历史脉络、理论渊源等进行理论性的系统研究。此阶段的研究多以理论探讨为主,而欠缺与实践的结合。党的十八大以来,对乡村治理的研究逐步转向更加注重理论与实践相结合、微观和宏观并进的研究视域,更加突出对治理主体多元化的探索,更具有现实指向性。回顾和梳理学界不同时期、不同视域的研究,对进一步改进和完善乡村治理及研究显得尤为必要。     

适应选择论视角下的《十八大报告》英译研究

中国共产党第十八次代表大会的召开引起了全世界的关注,《报告》的英译本对宣传国家形象、党的宗旨和会议精神起到了至关重要的作用。从语言维、文化维及交际维对《十八大报告》英译全过程的分析表明,译者对源语文本及翻译策略方法的选择是对翻译目的、文本、读者及自身地位的适应与选择的结果。     

CRITICAL PERIODS DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE

We identify the ages that constitute sensitive (or critical) periods in children's development towards their adult health status, skills, and human capital. For this, we use data on families migrating into Sweden from countries that are poorer, with less healthy conditions. Late‐life health is proxied by adult height and other adult outcomes. The relation between siblings’ ages at migration and their adult outcomes allows us to estimate the causal effect of conditions at specific childhood ages. We effectively exploit that, for siblings, the migration occurs simultaneously in calendar time but at different developmental stages (ages). We find evidence that the period just before the puberty growth spurt constitutes a critical period for adult height and we find related critical periods for adult cognition, mental health, and education.     

A WORLD OF CITIES: THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF URBANIZATION IN POORER COUNTRIES

Historically, urban growth required enough development to grow and transport significant agricultural surpluses or a government effective enough to build an empire. But there has been an explosion of poor mega‐cities over the last 30 years. A simple urban model illustrates that in closed economies, agricultural prosperity leads to more urbanization, but that in an open economy, urbanization increases with agricultural desperation. The challenge of developing world mega‐cities is that poverty and weak governance reduce the ability to address the negative externalities that come with density. This paper models the connection between urban size and institutional failure, and shows that urban anonymity causes institutions to break down. For large cities with weak governments, draconian policies may be the only way to curb negative externalities, suggesting a painful trade‐off between dictatorship and disorder. A simple model suggests that private provision of infrastructure to reduce negative externalities is less costly when city populations are low or institutions are strong, but that public provision can cost less in bigger cities.