What Survey Data Reveal about Price and Wage Rigidity in Portugal

This paper exploits the information collected from a survey conducted on a sample of Portuguese firms to study the patterns of firms’ price and wage adjustments and the extent of nominal price and wage rigidities. The evidence shows that the frequency of price changes varies substantially across sectors and depends on the intensity of competition, the share of labor costs and firms’ price reviewing behavior. The results also suggest that the constraint imposed by the presence of downward nominal wage rigidity is less important in firms where the fraction of permanent and high‐skilled workers is lower and the share of flexible pay components is higher.     

LABOR SUPPLY OF POLITICIANS

Using data on Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), we examine the impact of salaries on the composition and the behavior of legislators. Employing a differences‐in‐differences approach, we exploit the introduction of a law that equalized MEPs' salaries which had previously differed by as much as a factor of 10. Increasing salaries raises the fraction of MEPs who run for re‐election but decreases the quality of elected MEPs (proxied by college quality). Salary has no discernible impact on effort or legislation output. Higher salaries induce more political competition.     

THE BALANCED US PRESS

We measure the relative ideological positions of newspapers, voters, interest groups, and political parties, using data on ballot propositions. We exploit the fact that newspapers, parties, and interest groups take positions on these propositions, and the fact that citizens ultimately vote on them. We find that, on average, newspapers in the United States are located almost exactly at the median voter in their states—that is, they are balanced around the median voter. Still, there is a significant amount of ideological heterogeneity across newspapers, which is smaller than the one found for interest groups. However, when we group propositions by issue area, we find a sizable amount of ideological imbalance: broadly speaking, newspapers are to the left of the state‐level median voter on many social issues, and to the right on many economic issues. To complete the picture, we use two existing methods of measuring bias and show that the news and editorial sections of newspapers have almost identical partisan positions.     

MANAGED COMPETITION IN HEALTH INSURANCE

Rising healthcare costs have sparked debate about the best way to provide high‐quality affordable health insurance. We discuss the potential for regulated insurance markets to outperform single‐payer public insurance. We use as an example the private Medicare plans that now provide insurance to almost a third of seniors in the United States. The evidence suggests that private plans can limit costs and potentially appeal to enrollees, and that well‐designed risk adjustment can mitigate market failures due to adverse selection. However, fostering competition between insurers, especially in smaller markets, is difficult. We discuss how future research might illuminate the relative advantages of public and private health insurance.     

高校公共体育课“2S”教学理念的提出与实施

依据“健康第一”、“以人为本”的理念,结合体育教学基本理论,针对我国大学生体质健康状况急剧下降的严峻形式,创造性地提出高校公共体育“2S”教学理念,强调“微笑”与“出汗”的相互融合。该教学理念重视快乐体育教学模式、成功体育教育模式的价值,突出教学内容专项化,教学过程的科学负荷,教学方法的多样化,强调教学组织以学生为主体,教学评价重视过程评价。     

中国由ICT渠道获取的国际R&D溢出门槛效应

采用2003-2012年中国除西藏外30个省市自治区的面板数据,考察信息通信技术渠道国际R & D溢出效应。运用面板单位根检验、协整检验、相关性分析、格兰杰因果检验、随机效应模型等计量方法,研究中国通过信息通信技术渠道获得的国际R & D溢出与当地全要素生产率之间的关系;建立Hansen非动态面板门槛模型,采用稳健标准差回归,检验各省份由信息通信技术渠道获得的国际R & D溢出门槛效应,并从产业转型升级和信息化建设角度分析存在门槛效应的原因。结果表明,中国大部分省份通过信息通信技术渠道获取的国际R & D溢出与全要素生产率有正相关关系;通过信息通信技术渠道获得的国际R & D溢出对当地技术进步的影响存在明显的地区差异和门槛效应。     

3D打印中CAD文件的定性与复制问题研究

3D打印技术的发展使著作权法上的复制变得更为高效便捷,由此产生了一系列亟待梳理和解决的问题。基于3D打印技术原理,可将其分为输入和输出两个环节。在输入环节,对CAD文件的作品类型进行规制,采用视觉标准界定立体作品,并以“美术作品+模型作品”的思路进行综合保护;在输出环节,3D打印属于复制,且可以实现从平面到立体和从立体到立体的复制形态,复制权的控制范围应不限于现行法律所列举的方式。针对3D打印技术在网络传播中的侵权风险,应对合理使用中的私人复制予以限制,灵活运用“三步检验标准”对合理性进行审查。3D打印在著作权法方面并未引发新的法律问题,现行制度已存在包容空间,不必为其特设著作权新规,通过对现有规则的解释和借助已有案例的适用经验便能解决可预见的著作权法争端。     

基于ART2模型的信用风险评估

自适应共振模型是为了能够分类任意次序模拟输入模式而设计的,它可以按任意精度对输入的模拟观察矢量进行分类,较好地解决了前稳定性和灵活性问题,同时能够避免对网络先前所学的学习模式修改。本文将ART2模型应用于信用风险评估,通过实证比较研究,结果显示应用自适应共振模型进行信用风险评估在精度和准确性上,都优于其他神经网络模型和统计方法。     

莫言小说《丰乳肥臀》中的3D细节描写

3D细节描写是一种立体的3D视角,能将平面的画面直观地显现成3维的立体画面。《丰乳肥臀》中有大量的细节描写,有一部分是明显的3D描写,让读者融入情景、直观感受。尽管莫言不是有意识进行3D描写,但有意识地立体地细节描写写出了3D效果。