正确认识当代资本主义的新变化

正确认识当代资本主义的新变化,就要全面地、辩证地分析发生新变化的原因。当代资本主义的新变化并没有改变资本主义制度固有的基本矛盾,并没有改变垄断资本主义私有制占统治地位的本质。马克思主义的“两个决不会”和“两个必然”是我们正确认识和准确把握当代资本主义新变化及其历史发展总趋势的科学理论和方法。     

“晚期资本主义还是工业社会?”——阿多诺与达伦多夫关于当代社会本质的争论

阿多诺与达伦多夫在1968年关于当代社会性质的争论,是德国战后社会理论发展中的一个重要事件,对我们今天的理论探讨仍富有启发意义。达伦多夫认为,马克思之后的西方社会发生了一系列重大变化,并动摇了马克思资本主义理论的基础,因此西方社会已经不再是资本主义社会,进入了工业社会的后资本主义阶段。阿多诺首先从社会理论的方法入手,认为达伦多夫的非辩证理论忽略了社会的客观结构,固执于个别的和主观的要素,因此不能把握当代社会的本质。按照阿多诺的辩证的社会理论,当代社会仍然处于马克思诊断的有效范围之内,仍是资本主义社会。但由于生产力的发展,资本主义表现出了诸多新的特征,如技术向生产关系领域的渗透、需求被操控、阶级关系的国际化等等。     

奴隶制度和资本主义

奴隶制度与资本主义关系问题,是理解现代世界起源的关键之一,并尤其明显地体现为对美国历史的理解上。历史学界以往没有认识到这一问题：将美国资本主义历史描述成没有奴隶制度的历史,将奴隶制度描述成非资本主义的。20世纪30和40年代,詹姆斯和埃里克·威廉姆斯论证奴隶制度对资本主义的重要性。但他们的研究成果被学界忽略了。20世纪70和80年代,经济学家斯坦利· L．恩格尔曼和罗伯特·威廉·福格尔研究了美国奴隶制度的动态性、现代性、收益性和扩张性。英国、巴西、美国和德国形成了研究大西洋世界奴隶制度的历史学者群体。尽管研究视角不同,但他们都强调奴隶制度是美国资本主义的重要组成部分。当运用全球史视角理解这一问题时,我们就对奴隶制度在19世纪上半叶的美国、18世纪的奥斯曼帝国和19世纪40年代的西印度的向心性提出一种新理解,也可以理解这些地区在19世纪后半叶是如何克服对奴隶制度的依赖的。全球史视角使人们能以新的方式,理解奴隶制度如何成为工业革命的支配力量的。由此,欧洲工业化的能力最初完全依靠对西半球所侵占土地和所奴役劳力的控制。奴隶劳动是西方资本与国家的弱点,也是其长处。19世纪末叶,中亚、西非、印度、格鲁吉亚内陆和美国的农业生产者,被整合到全球性的棉花帝国里。棉花产业是全球性资本主义的路径。学界将处于全盛期的奴隶制度,看作西方世界经济的本质因素。     

A preliminary theory of managerialism as an ideology

While many know or have used the term Managerialism, the development of a theory about Managerialism remains largely non‐existent. When management becomes an ideology we speak of Managerialism reaching beyond the simple administration of a business organisation. Like many “‐isms”, Managerialism carries connotations to ideology, thereby leading to the question: what would the development of a theory of Managerialism's ideology look like? Since Managerialism has been largely been clarified (Klikauer, 2013 & 2015), this paper builds on these ideas to examine the question of a theory of Managerialism ideology. This is tackled in three steps: the paper discusses what an ideology is; this is followed by a brief outline of twelve characteristics of ideology delivering a threefold definition of ideology and leading to two schools of thoughts; finally, the paper shows how ideology and Managerialism are linked. The paper's key argument is that any theory development on Managerialism cannot avoid the issue of ideology.     

Polanyi’s two transformations revisited: a ‘bottom up’ perspective

ABSTRACT

In The Great Transformation, Karl Polanyi offers a ‘top-down’ analysis of the rise and demise of Europe’s unregulated market system. He assumes that changes in the organization of the international economy provide particular kinds of opportunities for states to act which, in turn, shapes the extent to which social forces will be able to influence state policy. Consequently, his analysis focuses, first, on the international institutions created by the self-regulating market system; then on the ‘liberal state’ which these made possible; and finally on how the system impacts ‘society as a whole’. The account which this analysis produces systematically underplays the social struggles which propelled and emerged from the rise of Europe’s nineteenth century system and which ultimately led to its demise. In revisiting the two periods that are the focus of Polanyi’s analysis, this article assumes that states and interstate systems reflect the interests of powerful social forces. Thus, working from the ‘bottom up’, it focuses on the class interests that produced Europe’s market system, the state and international structures which reflected and supported them, and the social struggles that ultimately brought about the collapse of the system. What this ‘bottom up’ account reveals is the centrality of a ‘double movement’, not of market expansion and a protective countermove on the part of ‘society as a whole’, but of dominant classes monopolizing economic opportunities from global expansion, and a rising ‘red tide’ of disaffected workers. This double movement, it argues, better explains the demise of the system and the changes that ensued from it.     

The use of bodies. Agamben’s idea of a non-capitalist form of life

Abstract

With the notion of the form-of-life as a counter-figure to the notion of bare life, Agamben seems to invite us to place at the center of a critical theory of capitalism a reflection on bios. To envisage a form of emancipation that unfolds against bare life suggests, at first glance, another relation to the living body. Such a gesture seems to be inspired by the desire to think a natural life that would also be a politically qualified life. The idea with which Agamben closes the Homo Sacer series, namely that of a use of bodies, also gestures in this direction. In this paper I show how the categories of bare life and of the use of bodies fail to live up to their promise, before demonstrating in what sense the idea of a subtraction of law as a political project which subsumes all others ends up weakening the critical potential of the idea of a form-of-life that is to be realised against the force of production of bare lives.     

从美国经济繁荣的背景和危机因素看资本主义发展趋势

２０世纪９０年代美国经济的繁荣阶段不能更改资本主义发展的根本趋势,资本主义仍然面临着生存危机,它表现在：资本主义将难以控制和反映新的生产力;资本主义世界性扩张积累了其自身生存发展的危机;难以克服的收入分配不平等危及资本主义生存等。     

Agent和Active Object概念分析及其在数据库中应用的基本问题

较明确的表达了Agent及Active Object的概念,研究了在数据库中设计Agent及Active Object的基本问题,并简要讨论了Active Object和Active DBMs之间的联系.     

关于科学社会主义的对话

本文就科学社会主义的基本原理结合当代两种制度发展的若干热点、难点问题进行了讨论,阐明科学社会主义需要发展,但它的基本原理仍然是我们观察社会主义命运和资本主义未来的科学指南.