从释义到推论——余英时《朱熹的历史世界》史料解读献疑

余英时先生《朱熹的历史世界》一书重构两宋（尤其是南宋）政坛面貌,旁征博引,新见迭出,深得学界好评。然而通读全书,作者对若干史料的运用,似不无令人生疑之处。书中史料处理的疑点。主要可分为：字词含义、语段脉络、史料性质、推论程序四类。     

“乌”族词的文化内涵

“乌”族词的形成源于乌鸦的外形特点和生活习性,又蕴含了汉民族的哲学思想、道德观念、价值观念。“乌”族词可以分为形象词语和象征词语两部分。形象词语又以视觉形象居多。象征词语包括借物征取义和借谐音取义两类。     

论民族文化特殊词语的特点及翻译方法

随着国与国之间跨文化交流的深入,对少数民族文化的研究、整理和介绍也随之增加。翻译作为文化交流的桥梁,在跨文化交际中起着重要的作用。在汉英翻译实践中,民族文化中的特殊词语及其汉英翻译有哪些特点,在具体的翻译操作中又有哪些值得注意的问题?本文从技术层面上以云南民族特有事物及特殊词语的翻译为例,作了初步的探讨。研究表明,首先应该重视调查研究的方法,翻译者应该成为民族文化的研究者;其次,多采用音译、意译、解释性翻译、以及描述的方法至关重要;再次,对目的语读者要有一个基本的分析判断;最后,要从外籍人士的原著中吸取精华。     

英汉“视觉”词的“思维”意义

视觉是人类最凸显的感觉。视觉是人们获取客观世界信息的基本来源。英语和汉语中许多原本是对于视觉概念域的描述的词,随着词义的引中和发展,带有了与思维意识活动有关的喻义。本文从实际语料出发,阐述英汉语中视觉词的思维活动喻义。     

鲍德温•斯宾塞与后维多利亚时代的古典人类学

The post-Victorian anthropologist Baldwin Spencer was the first to investigate the central and northern aboriginal tribes of Australia. His ethnographic works in this area have greatly in-fluenced related disciplines and studies in fields such as kinship, totem worship, and primitive reli-gions. In the field of classics and anthropology, Spencer’s academic heritage has received wide-spread respect and recognition, and has made sub-sequent academic discussion possible. In order to present Spencer’s personal experiences and aca-demic ideas clearly and comprehensively, it is nec-essary to return to the post-Victorian context, and comb Spencer’ s life history and academic history. Taking important clues from various times an e-vents in his life, the paper introduces three peri-ods:Spencer’s early training in the discipline and his epistemic background, his medium-term eth-nographic investigations and works, and the later investigations of Tierra del Fuego. Textual study, based on Spencer’s life history and academic histo-ry, is very useful to understand his ethnographic investigations. Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer ( 1860 -1929 ) was born on 23 June, 1860 in Lancashire, Eng-land. Spencer was educated at Old Trafford School and at the Manchester School of Art. His interest in art and sketching was lifelong, and would reveal itself in his competence as a scientific draftsman and illustrator ( D. J. Mulvaney,1990 ) . Entering Owens College ( Victoria University of Manchester) in 1879, Spencer intended to study medicine. In-spired by Milnes Marshall, a disciple of Darwin disciple, he became a committed evolutionary biol-ogist, soon abandoning conventional religion. He entered the University of Oxford in 1881 to study
science under Professor H. N. Moseley, who com-bined an enthusiasm for evolutionary biology with ethnological interests. Spencer grasped Oxford ’ s diverse opportunities, which included lectures by Ruskin and E. B. Tylor. In 1887, Spencer ar-rived at Melbourne University . With his colleague Professor David Masson, Spencer helped to trans-form university standards and they co-operated as entrepreneurs of Australian science. Spencer was recruited as zoologist and photog-rapher in the 1894 Horn scientific exploration ex-pedition to central Australia. His anthropological interest was rekindled when he met F. J. Gillen, the Alice Springs postmaster, during the expedi-tion. In 1896 Spencer joined Gillen for the most intensive fieldwork then attempted in Australia. The Native Tribes of Central Australia ( 1899 ) , which resulted, was to influence contemporary theories on social evolution and interpretations of the origins of art and ceremonial practices. Spencer and Gillen drove a buggy from Oodnadatta to Borroloola in 1901-02 . Their research resulted in The Northern Tribes of Central Australia ( 1904 );Haddon had written that the names of Spencer and Gillen are familiar to every ethnologist in the world, and probably no books on ethnology have been so wide-ly noticed and criticized as have The Native Tribes of Central Australia and The Northern Tribes of Central Australia (A. C. Haddon ,1902). To assist the Government of the Common-wealth, Spencer was appointed Special Commis-sioner for Aboriginals in the Northern Territory, and also their Chief Protector. He also led three other scientists, including J. A. Gilruth, on the 1911 Preliminary Scientific Expedition. Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia (1914)
described his ethnographic observations and the ex-tensive collections made on the expedition. At the government ’ s request, Spencer visited Alice Springs and Hermannsburg in 1923 . He published The Arunta: A Study of a Stone Age People ( 2 vols, 1927 ) to respond to the criticisms derived from Carl Stretlow and defend his work. A popular rewrite of previous books followed—Wanderings in Wild Australia ( 2 vols, 1928 )—this time under his sole authorship. Spencer retired as emeritus professor in 1919 . His nerves and his judgments were impaired from the strain of continuous overwork, the virtual disin-tegration of his marriage, and he was finally hospi-talized in 1921 . His health improved and within two years he resumed anthropological activities and rebuilt his art collection. He sailed to Tierra del Fuego together with Jean Hamilton to undertake anthropological studies early in 1929. Spencer, with an unrivalled record of anthropological field-work in Australia, undertook this journey to fill a gap in our knowledge, and compare very different and remote races of mankind (A. C. H. ,1931). However, his gallant attempt was prematurely frus-trated by his death from angina pectoris, at which point he had been only two months in the field. His notes were organized and published as Spencer’s Last Journey (1931). His achievements were recognized. Elected as a fellow of the Royal Society in 1900 , he was ap-pointed C. M. G. in 1904 and K. C. M. G. in 1916 . Manchester University conferred him with an honorary doctorate of science, while Melbourne a-warded him a doctorate of letters. Exeter College, Oxford, elected him to an honorary fellowship in 1907 , and stained glass in its hall commemorates his contribution. James Frazer’s letter to Spencer in 1899 was prophetic: books like mine, merely speculative, will be superseded sooner or later ( the sooner the better for the sake of truth) by bet-ter induction based on fuller knowledge;books like yours, containing records of observations, will nev-er be superseded ( John M. Cooper, 1932 ) . Therefore, the sense and value of reading and un-derstanding Spencer and his books today goes with-out saying.     

利用英语阅读方法 提高阅读理解能力

本文简略分析了阅读与听、说、写、译的相互关系及中外文化背景的不同所引起的阅读困难,并就怎样处理好听、说、读、写、译的关系,克服阅读中的障碍,尤其是在阅读理论的指导下,结合教学工作经验,提供了八种行之有效的阅读方法,以提高学生的阅读理解能力.     

论徐光启《诗》学及其贡献

明代是《诗经》研究由经学向文学转变的一个重要时期,徐光启代表了这个时期《诗经》文学研究的最高成就。他于汉儒“美刺”“比兴”说与宋儒“纲常”“义理”说之外,从《诗经》文学的本质出发,提出了“《诗》在言外”的《诗》学理论,为《诗》学研究的转向,完成了理论上的重大突破。并以此理论为核心,对《诗经》作品从多个角度作了认真、细致、全面、深刻的分析,在晚明产生了很大影响,对中国《诗》学的发展起到了积极的推动作用。     

当前一些语言现象与语言规范

语言规范是任何语言都必须具有的。但语言规范又都不能脱离语言应用和语言发展的实际。一般意义上的语言规范是针对全社会共同使用的全民通用语言文字的规范而言。某些在一定范围内通行的行业专门用语 ,影响通用语言的规范 ,不必加以考虑。当前网络上的某些稀奇古怪的语言现象 ,既在一定程度上具有行业用语的性质 ,却又不完全等同于行业用语。这些稀奇古怪的语言文字随时都可能进入千家万户 ,我们必须加以分析 ,分别不同情况 ,认真对待。当前广告用语中出现的无视语言规范、乱改成语和习惯用语的现象 ,属明知故犯 ,是有意践踏通用语言规范的行为 ,理应受到舆论的谴责     

佛学视角下的《五灯会元》词语训诂举隅

《五灯会元》中的"知有"有人释为"知晓、知道",我们认为当训释为"知道圆成实性(妙有)";"不惜眉毛"有人释为"不惜花费心思",我们认为当释为"不惜承受恶报";"惜取眉毛"有人释为"省点精神"、"少费点口舌",我们认为当释为"不敢造恶";"眉须堕落"有人释为"思考错误、言行未当",笔者认为当释为"承受恶报";"出队"有人释为"出行列"或"出队列",我们认为当释为"住持有事远出".     

Eating Morality: Food and the Goodness of Care in Northern Aboriginal Australia

This article contributes to anthropological discussions about care, food and morality by considering the gastro-morality of Yolngu people living in Galiwin’ku in the 2000s. I develop the concept of ‘trans-material morality’ to capture the ways that food takes on material, emotive and ontological forms of morality. Food is central to articulating expressions of care, as well to experiencing feelings of being cared for and, inversely, feelings of not being cared for. This is done by way of the meanings of good and bad that are attached to the food itself and by way of eating and acts of sharing and not sharing. I argue that largely because of food’s capacity to exist as trans-material morality, it is a particularly compelling thing with which to moralise, both in the intimate interactions of day-to-day life and in the grander theorising that human beings undertake to paint a picture of moral change.