清前期两江总督及其对江苏发展的影响

两江总督尽管统辖江苏、安徽、江西三省，但驻地江宁，因而受其治政影响最大的是江苏省。而江苏是清代财赋重地，其之治理好坏关乎国计民生，所以清延十分重视两江总督的简选。本文对清前期两江总督的设置、职掌、民族背景、出身、任前职位、任期等进行探讨后发现，在此背景下走出的两江总督多数都能相对清廉勤勉，对江苏地区的发展产生了积极的影响，说明在专制皇权控制下清朝地方的发展，总督的因素不可忽视。     

赫德与陈季同

赫德是中国海关总税务司,隶属于总理衙门,是奕系统的人员;陈季同是李鸿章派出的留学生,属于李鸿系统的人员,双方存在矛盾,勾心斗角,互相监视,互不合作,对当时中国的外交工作带来诸多消极影响和干扰,正如赫德所说:因为厨子多了,煮坏了一锅汤。     

高职英语听说能力培养教学的误区与对策

人才市场对高职英语听说能力的要求逐渐提高。如何在较短的时间里,保证高职英语涉外交际能力培养的有效性,首先正视目前高职学生的英语基础现状,采用合理的教学策略,走出误区。     

Differential validity: Another threat to compensatory education evaluations

The effects of the changing nature of intelligence test items during the follow-up period for compensatory education program evaluations on the judgements about the efficacy of such programs are examined. Data generated from Stanford-Binet test items, assuming known “true” underlying motor and verbal scores, as well as data from three compensatory education evaluations, are examined. The changing nature of the IQ test items, i.e., the differential validity of the tests, is put forth as an explanation for the often disheartening results of such program evaluations. Methods for dealing with the problem of differential validity are suggested.     

唐宋时期的中央与地方财政关系

唐德宗年间两税法的正式颁行,标志着以租庸调为支柱的唐前期财政体系的完全解体,以两税法为核心的唐后期财政新型体系的正式确立,地方财政税收由国家统购统支改为“上供、留使、留州”的三级划分。北宋踵随唐代的两税三分制,但其内涵已迥然不同。对于茶、盐、酒等榷利,唐代为中央保留的直接受益税目,宋代则直到北宋末年才完全收为中央所有。对于地方两税收支的调控和管理,唐代主要通过两税预算的定额管理等措施,宋代则主要由派驻各路的转运使督责完成上供税收,地方经费也由朝廷统一控制与管理。唐代中央在实行两税三分制后,为保证国家税收与藩镇进行了长期的斗争。北宋朝廷则在地方财政经历了颇为宽松的时期后,从真宗朝始逐渐加强对地方财政的挤压,直到徽宗年间一切财权收归中央的进程始告完成。     

TV VIEWING AS GOOD CITIZENSHIP? POLITICAL RATIONALITY,ENLIGHTENED DEMOCRACY AND PBS

This article draws on theories of political rationality, governmentality and cultural policy as well as historical analysis to examine how a philosophy of ‘enlightened democracy’ informed the historical formation of PBS. I analyse its early campaign to turn TV viewers into active citizens and show how the citizen subjectivities constructed presupposed a set of knowledge-power relations defined and managed by ‘opinion leaders’. Following a cultural studies approach I analyse policy and popular discourses to show how requirements of professionalism, reason, civility and detached objectivity served as a means of differentiating good citizens and as a form of social control.     

从奏案到奏抄——汉唐间奏事文书形态的演进与行政审批制度的变迁

中国古代帝制国家的政务运行是建立在发达的公文书制度基础上的。各类文书在不同时期有着不同的名称和形态, 其间的变化体现了制度的成长性变革。汉唐之间向皇帝申报政务的公文书中, 有一类大致经历了由“奏”到“奏案”再到“奏抄”的演变。从作为动词的奏到作为文书专名的奏案、奏抄的变化, 正是汉唐间国家政务申报和审批机制变迁的反映。     

现阶段村务公开存在的问题及对策

村务公开制度,是实现村民自治“民主管理、民主监督”目标的最关键的内容.但是,从目前情况看,由于受各方面因素的制约,村务公开还存在许多问题,需要采取有力的措施,以确保村务公开的规范化、制度化.     

A contingent approach to strategy and tactics in formative and summative evaluations

A contingent approach to strategic and tactical choices in formative and summative evaluations is presented. Choices regarding evaluation phases and tactics were found to be dependent on evaluation goals (e.g., whether the evaluation has a formative or summative purpose) and contextual variables. A simulation was designed to pool the judgments of evaluators and users of evaluations to see how they felt evaluation strategy and tactics should change as the situation changes so as to increase the likelihood of evaluation success. Eight panels were constructed to examine eight different situations. The next step in this research is to determine whether following the pooled judgments does lead to greater evaluation success.