Long and happy living: Trends and patterns of happy life expectancy in the U.S., 1970–2000

This study assesses the trends and differentials in length of quality life in the U.S. population as measured by happy life expectancy in 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000. The analysis combines age-specific prevalence rates of subjective well-being from a large nationally representative survey and life table estimates of mortality in decennial Census years. Employing the period prevalence-rate life table method—Sullivan method, the analysis finds evidence for improvement in quality of life in the U.S. Happy life expectancy largely increased in both absolute terms (number of years) and relative terms (proportion of life) over time at all adult ages examined. And increases in total life expectancy were mainly contributed by increases in expectancy in happy years rather than unhappy years. Happy life expectancy is longer than active life expectancy. And there has been greater compression of unhappiness than compression of morbidity. There are substantial differentials in happy life expectancy by sex and race because of differential prevalence rates of happiness. Women and whites had longer years of total and happy life expectancies at most ages and dates, while men and blacks had greater proportions of happy life expectancies across the three decades. Although race differentials generally decreased at older ages and with time, relative disadvantages of blacks persisted.     

论我国行政侵权精神损害赔偿的基本原则

世界上许多国家都在法律上对因国家侵权(包括行政侵权)造成行政相对人精神损害做出了经济赔偿的规定。在行政赔偿中增加有关精神损害赔偿的规定,是时代发展的需要。行政侵权精神损害赔偿应遵循以下原则:法官的适当自由裁量原则,惩罚性赔偿原则,禁止滥用原则,数额适当原则,关注个体公平的差异性原则等。     

工业结构转型与工业增长质量——以中国浙江省为例

文章基于工业结构演进的一般理论和结构转型分析模型,实证分析了浙江省11区域的工业行业特化度、结构转型方向和工业增长质量的差异情况。分析结果表明:属于特化-普化增长型的杭州、嘉兴等区域的工业比较劳动生产率呈不断上升趋势,而这些区域的工业发展主要是由技术水平高或生产效率高的行业带动的,正是这些行业的增长推动了工业结构优化或升级,从而提高了工业发展层次;而属于特化增长型的宁波、温州等区域的工业比较劳动生产率却呈下降趋势,其原因在于这些区域的工业增长主要是由技术水平低或生产效率较低行业实现的,这些低技术低效率行业的增长导致其工业结构劣化,影响了这些区域的工业发展层次和工业增长质量。     

A Bayesian Approach for Analyzing Results of Vehicle Collision Tests

Certain motor vehicle safety standards stipulate a collision test speed and a set of performance criteria that vehicles must satisfy during or after the collision test. For example, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 301 requires a 30 mile per hour (mph) barrier collision and specifies a certain maximum allowable limit on the total spillage of fuel. Vehicle designs are required to meet this standard; however, when collision tests are conducted at speeds higher than the standard, vehicles do not always satisfy the performance criteria. This paper develops a mathematical model for estimating the probability of meeting the standard by using a Bayesian framework to incorporate engineering judgment with collision test results. The model is based on the idea that there are random features to a vehicle's ability to meet performance standards in a collision, especially at such elevated speeds. Example calculations are included to illustrate the estimation of the probability of meeting the standard and to compare it with a maximum likelihood approach.     

The meaning of frailty according to Dutch older frail and non-frail persons

Frailty is a term often used by researchers and clinicians to describe a state in which older persons are at risk for adverse outcomes such as falls, disability, institutionalization and mortality. However, no study so far examined what frailty means to older persons. Therefore the aim of this study was to describe the meaning that older community-dwelling persons attach to frailty. Twenty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviews were analyzed using the grounded theory method. Frailty was described as being in poor health, having walking difficulties, feeling down, being anxious, having few social contacts and not being able to do the things one likes to do. Men described in more detail the physical dimension whereas women elaborated in more depth on the psychological and social component. Existing definitions of frailty should be adjusted to better reflect the meaning of frailty for older persons.     

面向未来的埃及教育改革

埃及实行免费教育体制,长期和持续的国家投入保证了教育在大众中间的普及,使埃及教育长期在阿拉伯国家和非洲地区处于领先地位。但随着全球化的日益深入以及埃及国内经济形势的变化,单纯依靠政府投入越来越不能满足人民群众对高质量教育服务的需求。埃及教育主管部门根据形势发展的迫切要求,一方面大力推进教育体制改革,力行非中央化的政策,在教育投入和管理上,加大社会力量参与的力度,加强了教育基础设施建设,提高了教师待遇;另一方面用先进的信息技术手段改造传统教育模式,并在教学过程中引入问责制度,保证教育质量不断提高,使其更好地服务于社会经济的发展。     

中国高龄老年人口生活质量研究

本文从《中国高龄老人健康长寿调查数据集 (1998)》所提供的资料中筛选出有关生理健康、心理健康、日常生活功能和社会完好性等四个方面的评价指标 ,将这些指标的加权值进行量化处理。发现中国高龄老年人口总体生活质量的平均等级分最高 ,生理健康的平均等级分最低 ,心理健康与日常生活功能的平均等级分居中。同时 ,还发现中国男性高龄老人生活质量的平均等级分高于女性高龄老人 ;80— 90岁组生活质量的平均等级分高于 90— 99级老人 ,更高于 10 0— 10 5岁级老人 ;城镇高龄老人生活质量的平均等级分高于农村高龄老人。     

行政不作为及其责任体系

界定不作为有存在论和规范论两种基本进路,在现代法治语境下,从规范论的角度,行政不作为较为合理的定义应为：行政主体负有法定的作为义务且能够履行而未履行或拖延履行的行政行为。着眼于有效规制行政不作为行为以及构建行政不作为的责任体系,对于行政不作为可以区隔为抽象行政不作为和具体行政不作为、中请行政之行政不作为和职权行政之行政不作为两种主要的对应分类。道义责任、政治责任和法律责任构成行政不作为责任体系的三种基本类型,其中行政不作为的法律责任包括行政责任、赔偿责任和刑事责任三种具体形式。     

论行政规范性文件立法备案制度的问题与完善

地方人大常委会对行政规范性文件的备案制度是一种重要的立法监督制度,但却存在着法律规范粗疏、实际监督缺位的问题。为发挥地方人大常委会对行政规范性文件的监督实效,备案制度应在主动审查制度、公民审查建议权的回复机制、备案监督程序和监督责任、提高人大常委会监督能力上予以完善。     

素质教育与中华文明

素质教育是着眼于提高全体国民综合素质的教育。素质教育具有全面性、全体性、重能力性、贯通性等特点。实施素质教育既是教育改革的需要,也是经济、社会发展的客观要求。加强人文素质教育,离不开中华民族优秀传统文明成果的学习,而通过人文素质教育,能够使这些宝贵的资源在人才培养中发扬光大,并且与社会主义的现代文明完美地结合在一起。