Order of recall and meaning of closeness in collecting affective network data

The paper investigates how study participants handle the so-called “hierarchical mapping technique”, an affective name generator developed by Antonucci (1986), which is accompanied by a diagram enabling respondents to compare alters with regard to different degrees of closeness. By applying the thinking-aloud method, we identified three patterns in the order of recalling alters: closeness as overarching schema (with either role relationships or relationship properties as subordinate schema), roles and foci as overarching schema, and a fraying schema. In addition, we investigated how study participants understand and interpret “closeness”. The meanings of closeness can refer to various relationship properties, cultural framing, and relationship dynamics. Results show that specific meanings of closeness are related to different recall patterns. Furthermore, recall patterns vary according to the socio-economic status of the participants. Finally, implications for the construction of name generators and data collection are discussed.     

Navigating change in the era of COVID-19: The role of top leaders’ charismatic rhetoric and employees’ organizational identification

The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had tremendous and swift effects on organizational change. This study examined how organizations can leverage leadership and employee resources to facilitate positive change outcomes. Drawing from the self-concept based motivational theory of charismatic leadership and substitutes for leadership theory, the current study proposed a theoretical model connecting top leaders’ charismatic rhetoric, employees’ affective commitment to change, and employees’ turnover intention. Furthermore, the study investigated contingencies that may modify the relationship between leadership communication and followers’ outcomes. Results from an online panel of 417 U.S. employees showed that top leaders’ use of charismatic rhetoric during change led to followers’ affective commitment to change, which decreased their turnover intention. Furthermore, employees’ organizational identification moderated this relationship. When employees have low identification with their organizations, top leaders’ charismatic rhetoric to address the immediate change is more needed.     

The Rise of Global Warming Skepticism: Exploring Affective Image Associations in the United States Over Time

This article explores how affective image associations to global warming have changed over time. Four nationally representative surveys of the American public were conducted between 2002 and 2010 to assess public global warming risk perceptions, policy preferences, and behavior. Affective images (positive or negative feelings and cognitive representations) were collected and content analyzed. The results demonstrate a large increase in “naysayer” associations, indicating extreme skepticism about the issue of climate change. Multiple regression analyses found that holistic affect and “naysayer” associations were more significant predictors of global warming risk perceptions than cultural worldviews or sociodemographic variables, including political party and ideology. The results demonstrate the important role affective imagery plays in judgment and decision‐making processes, how these variables change over time, and how global warming is currently perceived by the American public.     

“含米特论”与非洲的种族与文明

20世纪上半叶广为流传的“含米特论”,曾经大有凌驾于所有西方的非洲学术研究的趋势。该理论的前提是“种族优越论”,其所以能畅行一时,是根源于西方传统上的种族观念,又返身影响了人们的种族概念和种族关系的历史,特别是极大地影响了人们对于非洲种族和文明的认识。不管当初宣扬“含米特论”的学者们主观上怀有怎样的意图,这一伪理论事实上使得“黑种非洲人落后、野蛮”的种族主义思想堂而皇之地流行于世。我们既要对种族主义进行反思,也应该提防落入新的文化决定论的陷阱。     

Frequentist and Bayesian approaches for interval-censored data

Interval censoring appears when the event of interest is only known to have occurred within a random time interval. Estimation and hypothesis testing procedures for interval-censored data are surveyed. We distinguish between frequentist and Bayesian approaches. Computational aspects for every proposed method are described and solutions with S-Plus, whenever are feasible, are mentioned. Three real data sets are analyzed.     

对"经济人"假设的重新思考--基于个体行为与群体行为的角度

在明确了对个体行为进行评价的主体以及行为评价时点的基础上,个体是在完全理性的基础上追求自身效用最大化的,即新古典微观经济学的"经济人"假设对于个体仍然是成立的.对于由两个或两个以上自然人组成的群体,由于存在着目标的不一致、彼此间行为的协同作用等众多原因,他们的行为与个体行为有着很大的不同,"经济人"的最大化假设就不再适用了.     

Testing for Multivariate Autocorrelation

This paper concerns the problem of assessing autocorrelation of multivariate (i.e. systemwise) models. It is well known that systemwise diagnostic tests for autocorrelation often suffers from poor small sample properties in the sense that the true size overstates the nominal size. The failure of keeping control of the size usually stems from the fact that the critical values (used to decide the rejection area) originate from the slowly converging asymptotic null distribution. Another drawback of existing tests is that the power may be rather low if the deviation from the null is not symmetrical over the marginal models. In this paper we consider four quite different test techniques for autocorrelation. These are (i) Pillai's trace, (ii) Roy's largest root, (iii) the maximum F-statistic and (iv) the maximum t² test. We show how to obtain control of the size of the tests, and then examine the true (small sample) size and power properties by means of Monte Carlo simulations.     

“补缺假说”的语境观

"补缺假说"是我国学者提出的一个解释二语习得中母语迁移的新颖观点,它认为语言的使用依赖语境,所以要流利、准确、恰当地使用外语,外语知识必须与正确的语境知识结合。由于母语环境中缺乏跟外语表达式配套的真实语境,学习者不得不借助于大脑中存在的母语语境知识去补缺。由此可能激活母语表达式,造成迁移。语境知识是"补偿假说"的核心概念。本文通过分析"补缺假说"对语境这一概念的使用,认为"补缺假说"在论证过程中对语境的考辨仍处于借用状态,在外语教学分析中对语境的界定过窄,需要进一步探究。     

Cointegration and direct tests of the rational expectations hypothesis

The paper is concerned with direct tests of the rational expectations hypothesis (REH) in the presence of stationary and non-stationary variables. Alternative methods of converting qualitative survey responses into quantitative expectations series are examined. Testing of orthogonality and the issue of generated regressors for models estimated by two step methods are re-evaluated when the variable to be explained is stationary. A methodological approach for testing the REH is provided for models using qualitative response data when there are unit roots and cointegration, and alternative reasons are examined for rejecting the null hypothesis of orthogonality. The usefulness of cointegration analysis for both the probability and regression conversion procedures is also analysed. Cointegration is found to be directly applicable for the probability conversion approach with uniform, normal and logistic distributions of expectations and for the linear regressicn conversion approach. In the light of new techniques, an existing empirical example testing the REH for British manufacturing firms is re-examined and tested over an extended data set.     

从语言与思维的角度再论萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说

作者从语言与思维的关系这一角度再次对萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说进行了论述。一方面,弱式“假说”所提出的语言反映思维、信念、态度等,或者语言并不完全决定思维,但的确影响认知和记忆方式,影响人们从事思维的难易程度,这一观点在一定程度上正确阐述了语言与思维的关系。而另一方面,由于强式“假说”认为语言结构决定语言使用者对客观世界的看法,过分强调了语言对人的思维方式和文化的决定和制约作用,甚至认为人类实际上是受制于语言的,而忽视了思维对语言的影响作用,因而也具有许多不足之处。