The importance of being mature: the effect of demographic maturation on global per capita GDP

Given that savings behaviour and worker productivity have strong life-cycle components and given that demographic profiles vary across countries, population age structure should be linked to differences in levels of economic development. In this paper, we measure the economic importance of age structure variation for the global economy. We find that demographic maturation has been associated with nearly half of the evolution of global per capita GDP since 1960. We also find that age structure differences can account for just over half of the variation in worldwide per capita GDP (i.e. the lack of sigma convergence) observed since 1960.

人口转变的经济增长效应研究新进展：一个综述

关于人口转变对于经济增长的效应研究由来已久,但是研究大多只考虑了人口数量和人口增长率对于经济增长的效应。近二十年来,许多经济学家在揭示“东亚奇迹”和中国经济腾飞等一系列经济现象的原因时。发现了人口年龄结构对于经济增长的重要贡献,并提出了“人口红利”的概念以解释经济发展。本文将具体介绍近二十年来理论界对于人口转变影响经济增长的相关机制的研究以及经验分析。并对这些研究的政策含义和有待深入研究的问题作出简要评述。     

代际支持对老年人主观幸福感的影响--基于年龄组的差异性分析

本文从年龄组差异的角度分析了代际支持对老年人心理健康的影响。研究发现,在控制了客观健康状况等变量后,老年人的心理健康水平并非随着年龄增长呈现出下降趋势。其次,接受代际支持和给予代际支持都对老年人心理健康有着显著的促进作用。第三,对于不同年龄组来说,代际支持对老年人心理健康产生的效果既有共同点也存在着差异。相似之处在于充足的经济支持对65－74岁、75－84岁和85岁及以上这三个年龄组老人的心理健康都是有利的。然而,更突出的是这三个年龄组之间的相异点：对于65－74岁这一组别而言,老人与子女之间的经济交换最为频繁。这种经济上的互惠提升了老人的积极情绪、抑制了消极情绪的产生。就75－84岁的老年人来说,子女在日常照料的作用表现的十分显著。和子女共同居住、在生病时由子女照料的老人表现出更少的消极情绪。至于85岁以上的高龄老人,得到充足的情感支持对于提升主观幸福感的作用更为显著;最先和子女分享想法的老人有着更高的心理健康水平。因此就现实状况来看,当父母逐渐衰老,作为子女,应当更加关注对父母的日常照护和情感关怀。尤其是对于这些高龄老人,他们对子女的情感态度更为敏感;子女提供的充足的情感支持对其心理健康有着十分显著的促进作用。     

网络时代大学生思想政治教育的基本法则

随着信息技术的快速发展,网络以其不可抵挡的势头,将触角延伸到社会生活各个领域,也延伸到高等学校。大学生作为特殊的群体,网络正改变着他们的学习方式、思维方式和生活方式,影响他们的政治态度和价值取向等。网络的发展使思想政治教育工作的社会化、平等化以及立体性大大提高,但同时网络也造成部分大学生的网络道德失范,世界观和人生观被扭曲,心理健康受损害等负面情况。面对网络所带来的机遇与挑战,大学思想政治教育工作者应该从校园网络环境、思想政治教育者的网络素养、网络心理健康教育、网络使用规则等方面形成基本法则,全面推进网络无缝接入思想政治教育工作。     

Risk-Reducing Legal Documents: Controlling Personal Health and Financial Resources

Every adult can eliminate the risk of losing control of personal health decisions and financial resources by having a last will and testament, health proxy, power of attorney, and living trust. Yet evidence suggests that less than a majority of adult Americans have these documents. We surveyed 900 adult Americans (25 plus years old) to determine what factors predict the possession of these risk-reducing documents. In total, 46% had a living will and testament, 32% a durable power of attorney, 30% a health proxy, and 18% a living trust. Events that prompt people with wealth to secure these documents, such as increasing age, getting married, having children, and experiencing a life-threatening event were the strongest predictors of having a will. These were also among the strongest predictors of having a health proxy, along with a personal history of being proactive, and a family history that fostered trust of attorneys. Affluence, age, and education were the strongest predictors of having a living trust, and the strongest correlate of having a durable power of attorney was having faced a life-threatening event, positive experiences with attorneys, and higher educational achievement.     

Girlz II women: Age‐grading,language change and stylistic variation

Informed by abstract models of language change or stability over time, we present a longitudinal study of two African American females, first interviewed as teenagers, and re‐recorded twenty years later. As teenagers, they used morpho‐syntactic features of AAVE voraciously. But as working adults, these women distance themselves from their teenage activities and social networks, and display a considerably reduced vernacular usage that accords with their articulated concern to get ahead. The diachronic interpretation that best characterizes their transformation is age‐grading rather than generational change, since change at the individual level is accompanied by stability at the community level. The picture is complicated by intermediate recordings showing that one of the speakers is a stylistic chameleon, capable since her teenage years of varying copula absence rates depending on addressee, topic, and projected persona. But the age‐grading interpretation of change at the individual level remains valid based on the evidence of her reduced use of habitual be2, and third singular present tense –s absence. The case highlights the importance of paying more attention to stylistic variation and including more than two time points in sociolinguistic studies of change in real and apparent time.     

前维京时代北欧与欧洲大陆的联系

考古学证据、历史语言学与人类学研究表明,由石器时代、铜器时代和铁器时代构成的前维京时代斯堪的纳维亚历史与欧洲大陆是密不可分的.     

The effects of male age on semen parameters: analysis of 1364 men attending an andrology center

Although the effect of maternal age on fertility is well known, it is unclear whether paternal age also affects fertility. The aim of this retrospective study was to establish an association between the age of the individuals from Medellin, Colombia with semen volume, rapid progressive motility (a), total progressive motility (a?+?b) and concentration. We evaluated semen volume using a graduated tube, progressive motility using light microscopy (40×) and sperm concentration using a Makler Chamber. Semen samples were grouped according to age into three arbitrary groups (≤ to 30 years; between 31 and 39 years; and ≥ to 40 years). The semen volume, rapid progressive motility (a) and total progressive motility (a?+?b), concentration and total sperm count were found to be inversely related to age (p?<?0.05). The reduction in semen parameters of 1364 men attending an andrology center was associated with increasing age of the individuals.     

康乾时期京师文化的繁荣及其国际影响

"康乾盛世"是中国封建社会的辉煌时期,它在政治、经济、文化等很多方面,将中国传统社会推向了一个新的高峰。作为"康乾盛世"的核心,京师北京不可避免地在亚洲乃至世界的某些范围内受到人们的特别关注。在清代,朝贡体系覆盖了东亚的大部分地区,北京城处于这个体系中的核心地位。北京城对于朝贡国的影响力,不仅依托政治上的强势,也表现在思想文化上的强势。京师强势文化的产生,除了国家强盛的大背景之外,还有一系列的特殊的出自朝廷的高端文化举措。康乾时期另一个重要的文化现象是,进一步与西方文化接触,开始了超越朝贡体系的国际交往。历史显示,北京是古老文化的宝库,又是引领中国走向世界的先锋。北京的历史发展有其独特的经验,对其进行认真的总结,可以获得重要的启示。     

女性人口文化程度对其婚育状况的影响探析

本文以1995年全国1％人口抽样调查资料为基础，对女性人口文化程度与其早婚状况、平均初婚年龄．以及女性初婚年龄与其平均活产子女数间的相关关系进行了深入的定量分析．