制约山东农业可持续发展的因素及对策

本文主要探讨了制约山东省农业可持续发展的主要因素,并有针对性地提出了实现山东省农业可持续发展的对策与建议.     

西部开发中的农业问题

东西部差距突出表现为农业差距,而且农业差距在扩大.西部地区农业落后的主要原因是自然条件差,市场环境差,农业投入少,资源流失多.农业产业化是西部农业开发的必然选择.     

抓优势产品产业化、创地方特色大农业——义乌市东河经济社会发展研究分报告之二

本文在对东河农业发展现状评价的基础上,分析了新世纪东河农业发展的目标定位和模式选择,并提出东河农业发展的建议与对策.     

马克思恩格斯关于农业社会主义改造的理论及其在苏中两国的实践

本文概述了马克思、恩格斯关于农业社会主义改造的基本理论,论述了列宁、斯大林、毛泽东在苏中两国所进行的农业社会主义改造的理论实践。     

江苏省农民银行与近代江苏棉花品种改良

传统观点认为近代银行投资棉花产销合作社是为了博取商业垄断利润。文章对此提出质疑,作者以江苏省农民银行为例,从农业科技推广的角度,分析了该行为合作社提供种子、肥料、农具等各种贷款的动因,认为该行提倡棉花产销合作有其合理性,从实践效果来看,它的确部分达到了目的。因而,传统的观点不适用于评价该行。     

Risk and Planning in Agriculture: How Planning on Dairy Farms in Ireland Is Affected by Farmers’ Regulatory Focus

This article examines how planning on dairy farms is affected by farmers' motivation. It argues that farmers' choice of expansion strategies can be specified in terms of risk decision making and understood as either prevention‐focused or promotion‐focused motivation. This relationship was empirically examined using mediated regression analyses where promotion/prevention focus was the independent variable and its effect on total milk production via planned expansion strategies was examined. The results indicate that promotion focus among farmers has an indirect effect on farm expansion via planning strategies that incur greater risk to the farm enterprise. Regulatory focus on the part of farmers has an influence on farmers' planning and risk management activities and must be accounted for in the design and implementation of policy and risk management tools in agriculture.     

Farming without a recipe: Wisconsin graziers and new directions for agricultural science

From 2005 through 2008, we undertook a participatory research project involving graziers from 8 farms in Southern Wisconsin, all of whom practice management intensive grazing. We used semi-structured interviews and participant observation during research and field days to investigate graziers’ engagement with university research. Grazing farms demonstrate rich variability and individuality as a result of their position within a number of biophysical and social contexts. Graziers emphasized the importance of finding ways to work with the variables of their specific context, rather than trying to control that variability. This effort entails the development and use of local knowledge, as graziers respond to the idiosyncrasies of their farms. It also leads graziers to reject mainstream agricultural research that has produced formulas for agricultural uniformity. The picture of grazing that emerged from our interviews leads us to propose the search for agroecological principles and agroecological tools, embedded in context, as an alternative to conventional research. We argue that this proposal speaks to the greater conundrum of how to relate the general knowledge of science to the place-specific, experience-based knowledge of grass-based farmers.     

明代中国棉桑及其地理分布

棉桑作为明代的主要经济作物，在农业发展中的地位不可忽视。其中棉花种植十分普及，并有江花、北花和浙花三大种系，并以此形成了三大植棉区；桑的分布则是南长北衰，尤其是随着明中后期桑蚕业的发展主要分布在江南地区。文章旨在通过探讨这两大经济作物的分布，来从侧面了解其对明代农业及社会经济的影响。     

由甘肃省武山县农村剩余劳动力转移方式引发的思考

当前农村剩余劳动力转移问题已成为我国政府和社会关注的焦点,尤其像甘肃省武山县这样人多地少,农业绝对剩余劳动力过多的农业欠发达地区的劳动力转移问题,更是值得探讨和关注。这一问题的解决将直接关系到我国农村的兴衰,乃至我国社会整体的健康发展。本文在对甘肃省武山县农村剩余劳动力转移方式进行调查分析的基础上,提出了改进其现存劳动力转移方式的几点建议,即通过农业深层次开发,当地优势资源的规划利用等方式,增强农业、农村对剩余劳动力的吸纳能力,从而实现农业欠发达地区农村剩余劳动力的新型化就地转移。对这一新的转移模式的探析,对我国其它农业欠发达地区农村剩余劳动力转移方式也将有一定的启示意义。     

Settler Welfare on Tropical Forest Frontiers in Latin America

Because of urgent concerns to protect tropical forests in Latin America, social science research on them has been generally ‘forest-centred.’ This forest-centred approach considers the people who inhabit the frontier as agents of land use change and forest conversion focusing on how their actions affect forest cover. Welfare indicators for forest frontier populations (income, education, health, access to basic services) are addressed only incidentally in terms of how they influence land use. ‘People’ centred research, which asks questions from the perspective of human welfare such as, ‘Are frontier settlers better off than they were before?’ or ‘What kind of socio-economic impacts does frontier life have on the people who live there?” and “How can their lives be improved?,” has been less common. As a result, we know much about the impacts, especially adverse impacts, which settler activity on the frontier has on forest cover but little about the impacts settlement has on settlers, themselves. This paper attempts to shift discussion towards these kinds of questions and a more people centred approach by reviewing existing research that directly addresses the welfare of settlers in tropical forest frontiers in Latin America. We also review research that touches on settler welfare by considering the concept of ‘sustainability’ on the forest frontier and stakes out a comprise position between ‘forest’ and ‘people’ centred questions or concerns. Settler welfare is defined primarily in economic terms. Household income, wealth, and agricultural productivity are interpreted a proxies for welfare in most cases. We also consider welfare in terms of access to basic services (health and education) and living conditions. We particularly consider how settler welfare indicators may change over time on the frontier. Tropical forests, defined as tropical, moist, broadleaf forests, are the main ecological setting of interest. These forests are generally the largest unoccupied areas in many Latin American countries and are thus, also the main ‘agricultural frontier’ or areas of new settlement by small farmers.