Écrire l'événement : le travail agricole mis en mémoire

Pieces of writing about work can be taken to be a cognitive resource for action, especially when the way to act cannot be fully stated beforehand. To prove this, a pragmatic interpretation is proposed of the interactions between writing and cognition in agriculture, a sector where keeping an agenda is a widespread but seldom studied practice. After describing the diversity of the information (mainly technical or economic) that farmers noted from day to day, the functions of remembering on-the-job events are described in relation to farming activities: how this memory serves to follow up on activities, to think about what should be done and when. This detailed study of how agendas are actually used sheds light on the means available to farmers for managing their activities. Sometimes, writing serves to codify operations; sometimes, to make plans and assessments; and sometimes, to routinize an activity. In general, it helps stabilize the farmer’s work environment, splintered as it is among various places and schedules.     

论农业和农村产业结构调整的依据

在市场经济条件下农业和农村产业结构调整 ,应以农业和农村政策、市场供求状况、先进农业科学技术以及自然经济资源为基本依据 ,综合考虑各种因素 ,近期和长期相结合 ,有计划、有步骤地进行 ,逐步建立起合理的农业和农村产业结构。     

以工补农的经济研究

以工补农作为统筹城乡经济社会发展的重要内容经常被人们错误解读,并在实践中予以错误的推行。其实,新时期的以工补农不能再沿袭计划经济时期以农补工的老路,而应该构造一种全新的工农关系,建立一种"双赢"的补农方式,即要帮助农业走出困境,又要促进工商业的发展。从广义的定义来看,以工补农就是工商业对农业的一切帮助和支持,包括以工建农、以工支农、以工助农、以工补农、以工养农、以工护农、以工带农等等。     

都市型农业可持续发展的理论与实践

都市型农业作为一种生长于大都市中或城市化地区的现代农业 ,功能多样化和空间布局的无明显城乡边界是其显著特征。随着工业化和城市化进程的加快 ,目前已形成了设施农业、市民农园、零星插花型农业等多种都市型农业实践形式。我国都市型农业由于发展时间较短 ,无论是从农业管理体制、农业科技整体水平等外部环境 ,还是从生产要素投入、功能定位、土地流转机制等内部管理机制方面 ,都还存在着诸多问题。为此 ,必须高起点制定都市型农业发展的总体规划 ,以技术创新为原动力 ,以科学有效的土地流转机制为前提 ,以农业产业化为突破口 ,以企业化管理为运行机制 ,以完善的农产品体系为渠道 ,才能实现都市型农业的可持续发展。     

Agricultural economic reforms,gender inequality and poverty in Senegal

In Senegal, as in many developing countries, the agricultural sector plays a key role in the economy. In addition to supplying food, agriculture is the most important source of employment, especially for women. Through the Plan for an Emerging Senegal (PES), the Senegalese government is implementing an ambitious financing plan to improve the productivity of the agricultural sector and enhance employment opportunities for women. Our study assesses the impact of two PES measures (investment subsidies and an increase in production subsidies for the agricultural sectors) on economic growth, women's employment, poverty and inequality using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model linked to a microsimulation model. The results show that both policies have generally positive effects in reducing poverty and gender inequalities. However, investment subsidies in the agricultural sectors have stronger impacts in reducing gender inequality and poverty in the long term.     

法国"重农学派"经济哲学思想及其现代意义

"重农学派"是兴起于18世纪50至70年代法国的一个经济流派.该派直接继承法国启蒙运动"自然秩序"的哲学观念,并在这种观念的指导下提出了基于大力发展农业的自由主义经济政策,为法国资产阶级革命的到来做好了经济思想上的准备.重农学派经济哲学的现代意义则在于,其成功探索了在特定历史条件下,经济与哲学实现结合并作用于社会的可能性与具体途径.     

北京山区生态农业的功能定位、模式与评价指标体系

北京山区生态农业包括三项基本功能,这就是水资源与环境功能、经济功能和社会文化功能。北京山区在长期的生产实践中,逐步形成了两种类型的生态农业模式:一种是农户生态园式的生态农业模式;另一种是产业化经营式的生态农业模式。北京山区生态农业的评价应从系统结构、系统功能、系统效益三个方面进行整体评价。通过系统评价,择优选择系统结构合理、系统功能较强、系统效益良好的生态农业模式。     

关于我国农业剩余劳动力转移问题的思考

农业剩余劳动力转移的成效直接关系着我国全面建设小康社会目标的实现。新时期,我国规模庞大的农业剩余劳动力的转移,面临着严峻形势,要解决这一复杂问题应按照客观现实综合治理,多管齐下,形成符合我国经济发展规律的转移思路。我们必须在发展乡镇企业、加快城镇化建设、提高人口素质、拓展劳务输出等方面寻求出路。     

地区间农业生产效率差异研究

本文运用非参数Maimquist生产率指数评价了1990—2005年中国各省农业经济效率逐期变化动态情况，并利用该指数可分解为技术进步、技术效率改进特性，详细考察中国各区域发展不平衡的具体原因，旨在为促进农业经济健康发展提供科学借鉴。     

Landowners’ perspectives on the rural future and the role of forests across Europe

Contemporary changes in rural Europe have been characterised by the contrasting terms of rural modernisation and productivism versus restructuring and post-productivism. This study investigates how different categories of owners of farm and/or forestland in 16 case study areas in eight European countries perceive future development. Landowners’ prospects for change are investigated on both the locality and enterprise level. Special attention is given to the role of forestry as a potential future development perspective. The results reveal that both restructuring and modernisation perspectives are important to many landowners. Moreover, a polarisation seems to be developing between a minority of full-time farmers with progressive farming prospects and the vast majority of landowners with declining prospects or little dependency on primary production. More importantly, the research reveals a third employment perspective, which did not have any specific content apart from the social security of having employment opportunities in the locality. Also at the enterprise level, farmers anticipate both restructuring and modernisation practices, even on the very same property. The study proves that it is not only part-time, hobby and retired farmers that are engaged in “restructuring” activities, but also full-time farmers. As regards the role of forests, the majority of landowners do not interpret forests in an economic development context, but as green infrastructure important to the local quality of life. It can be concluded that forests are closely related to restructuring thinking among landowners. Future perspectives differ from one European rural area to another, dependent on local conditions and problems. More importantly, however, this research reveals that modernisation–restructuring thoughts and practices of landowners are manifold and heterogeneous in all types of rural areas across Europe.