辩证唯物主义还是实践唯物主义——再读马克思

在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中马克思用物质的自我运动解释了自然界、生命有机体以及人的产生与发展,体现出系统的辩证唯物主义思想。但是他唯一的理论兴趣在于探讨人类解放之路。人是环境的产物。马克思特有的、最有价值的哲学思想是用实践揭示自然界、人类社会,从而也是人自身发展规律的实践唯物主义。以实践唯物主义概括他的哲学思想是恰当的。辩证唯物主义和实践唯物主义是从不同角度对世界的认识,前者是本体论,后者是人的解放理论,相互之间并不矛盾。关于马克思主义哲学是辩证唯物主义还是实践唯物主义的争论,与混淆了这两个不同的角度把实践唯物主义用于本体论领域有很大关系。     

Improving women’s experiences of perineal suturing: A pragmatic qualitative analysis of what is helpful and harmful

BackgroundPerineal trauma requiring suturing is increasing, along with the associated physiological and psychological morbidities for women. Provider training appears to focus more on technical aspects rather than respectful, relational care for women. Studies exploring women’s experiences have identified that how women are cared for can significantly impact upon overall experiences.AimTo identify areas of improvement to the perineal suturing process and provide robust recommendations for urgent change by investigating what aspects are most traumatic to women and which are most supportive.MethodsA pragmatic qualitative analysis of data generated from 15 in-depth interviews with women who were sutured following birth.FindingsRegardless of tear severity, what was identified as helpful included anything that made the process better by increasing feelings of trust and reassurance, and providing women with a sense of being seen and heard. Harmful experiences were identified as those that worsened the experience, by increasing feelings of fear and vulnerability and leaving women with a sense of being disregarded or disrespected.ConclusionThe study confirmed that how the suturing process is conducted can have a significant detrimental impact upon women’s short- and longer-term physical and psychological well-being.Implications for practiceAn improved experience for women is most likely with kind professionals who explain the process as it goes along, check-in regularly and validate how the women feel. Women prefer to be sutured by a known professional, only if this provider is also kind and respectful.     

视角·结构·策略——从《鬼作家》到《退场的鬼魂》叙事的承袭与嬗变

自1979年发表《鬼作家》到2007年出版《退场的鬼魂》,菲利普·罗斯的叙事技巧既有承袭也有嬗变:虽然在叙事视角上都采用回溯的第一人称"内聚焦",但视角与声音的相异或一致凸显叙事的稚嫩或成熟;虽然在叙事结构上都采用框架式,但叙述时间与故事时间却有简单和复杂之别;虽然在叙事策略上都采用虚实相间的后现代小说艺术手法,但就叙述者与作者、叙述本身、叙述文本中主人公的真实性与虚构性界线而言,《退场的鬼魂》比《鬼作家》的叙述更复杂、更娴熟.从视角、结构、策略三个维度看,《退场的鬼魂》承袭前作叙事主体、文本语境与叙事风格,含而不露地生成兼具文本间性的独异性,其充满叙事性想象的小说文本为"祖克曼系列小说"画上完美的句点,可视为菲利普·罗斯"祖克曼系列"叙事艺术技巧上的扛鼎之作.