形势引发动机需要成就批评——社会心理学视阈下马修·阿诺德的文学与文化观

维多利亚时期英国社会重物质、轻文化的发展状况为马修.阿诺德提供了广阔的批评空间。从社会心理学的角度来看,这种批评空间不仅使他在认知上形成了独特的文化视角,在行为上促使了文学与文化系列评著的问世,在态度上也体现了"先天下之忧而忧"的文化焦虑。正确认识这种批评动机的影响,对理解阿诺德的批评理论有非常重要的意义。     

Manacled to Identity: Cosmopolitanism,Class, and ‘The Culture Concept’ in Stephen Crane

Abstract

This article begins with a close reading of Stephen Crane’s short story ‘Manacled’ from 1900, which situates this rarely considered short work within the context of contemporary debates about realism. I then proceed to argue that many of the debates raised by the tale have an afterlife in our own era of American literary studies, which has frequently focused on questions of ‘identity’ and ‘culture’ in its reading of realism and naturalism to the exclusion of the importance of cosmopolitan discourses of diffusion and exchange across national borders. I then offer a brief reading of Crane’s novel George’s Mother, which follows Walter Benn Michaels in suggesting that the recent critical attention paid to particularities of cultural difference in American studies have come to conflate ideas of class and social position with ideas of culture in ways that have ultimately obscured the presence of genuine historical inequalities in US society. In order to challenge this critical commonplace, I situate Crane’s work within a history of transatlantic cosmopolitanism associated with the ideas of Franz Boas and Matthew Arnold to demonstrate the ways in which Crane’s narratives sought out an experience of the universal within their treatments of the particular.     

文化定义辨析

文化的定义从教育、艺术到日常社会生活的重心转移,揭示文化是意义和意识的社会生产和再生产,是社会意义和意识的生产、消费和流通的过程,它不光是静态的,也是动态的,不光是社会生活的产物,也是社会生活何去何从的一个决定性因素。     

马修·阿诺德的“试金石”理论

本文认为,阿诺德的＂试金石＂理论体现了其古典主义倾向,并且与其独特的文学功能观紧密相关。     

一种基于位平面分解的多分辨率数字水印算法

提出了一种基于位平面分解的多分辨率图像数字水印方法;利用多分辨分解技术将相同分辨率层次的多分辨灰度数字水印嵌入到对应的相同分辨率层次的载体图像的小波系数中,使水印对原始图像具有自适应性。水印的嵌入位置由具有混沌特性的Arnold映射确定,在增加水印安全性的同时还解决了水印嵌入位置冲突的问题。由于在水印的嵌入过程采用了量化的方法,水印可实现盲提取。计算机仿真试验表明该算法具有良好的安全性、鲁棒性和可操作性。     

马修·阿诺德的国家观

本文通过简要分析马修·阿诺德国家观的渊源与本质内涵，指出其国家观的内核是其文化理想。     

Written on the Body

The author considers two recent prize-winning films by women directors (one British and one American) with similar, if not identical themes. Placing them in the category first defined by David Considine as “the cinema of adolescence” the author considers the filmic traditions from which they arise. In both of the films under consideration—Fish Tank and Girlfight—the young female protagonists attempt to resist or subvert socially imposed restrictions. The author considers the way the entrapment of the working-class teenage girls at the centre of these films is represented by non-professional “actresses” selected because they come from the same milieu of run-down sections of cities as their on-screen characters. She explores the way in which these two writer-directors use their actresses to embody on screen issues of class, gender, ethnicity, and culture, and the near-impossible routes out of poverty. To do so, the author utilises theories from sociology, feminist theories of the body, as well as theories derived from film studies to examine these politically driven films.     

Distribution of a linear function of correlated ordered variables

In this paper, we have considered the problem of finding the distribution of a linear combination of the minimum and the maximum for a general bivariate distribution. The general results are used to obtain the required distribution in the case of bivariate normal, bivariate exponential of Arnold and Strauss, absolutely continuous bivariate exponential distribution of Block and Basu, bivariate exponential distribution of Raftery, Freund's bivariate exponential distribution and Gumbel's bivariate exponential distribution. The distributions of the minimum and maximum are obtained as special cases.     

Regression mean residual life of a parallel system of dependent components

In this paper, we consider a system consisting of two dependent components and we are interested in the average remaining life of the component that fails last when (i) the first failure occurs at time t and (ii) the first failure occurs after time t. For both the cases, expressions are derived in the case of general bivariate normal distribution and a class of bivariate exponential distribution including bivariate exponential distribution of Arnold and Strauss, absolutely continuous bivariate exponential distribution of Block and Basu, bivariate exponential distribution of Raftery, Freund's bivariate exponential distribution and Gumbel's bivariate exponential distribution.     

马修·阿诺德与20世纪中国文化

马修.阿诺德的文学批评观与文化哲学思想,经由辜鸿铭、张歆海、吴宓、梅光迪、郁达夫、郭沫若、朱光潜、闻一多、梁实秋等众多接受个体,对二十世纪中国文学、文化思想的发展与建设产生了重要影响;这一影响的过程可以分为十九世纪末二十世纪初、二十世纪二三十年代、四十年代至二十世纪末三个阶段;影响的方式则有直接与间接的区别。考察马修.阿诺德在中国既被大规模接受、又被激烈抵抗的独特文化遭际,可以给我国二十一世纪的文化现代化建设带来重要启示。