马修·阿诺德的“人生批评”与英国浪漫主义诗人

浪漫主义既是一种创作手法,也是一种文学思潮.英国的浪漫主义思潮呈现出某种多样性.维多利亚时代的著名诗人兼评论家马修·阿诺德在<批评二集>中按照自己的标准评价了英国浪漫主义诗人华兹华斯、拜伦和雪莱.从中可以看出阿诺德的"诗歌是人生批评"的文学理论的具体运用,以及他为实现"文化、人性整体和谐、全面发展的完美"这一终极目标所作的不懈努力.     

马修·阿诺德笔下的大众形象

大众在阿诺德笔下呈现出不同的形象。在阿诺德看来,他们是无政府主义的代名词和社会动荡与不安的根源所在;也是游离于文化概念边缘之外、远离光明的社会渣滓,既受不到文化的熏陶,又得不到美好与光明的眷顾;还是国家亟待教化的对象,需要将其从较低层次的发展阶段提升至较高层次的发展阶段,以适应文化的要求。阿诺德对于大众形象的界定对于我们理解他的文化理论有一定的积极意义。     

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND THE NATURE OF SCIENCE

The debate about the patenting of research is perhaps the most passionate now taking place about science and scientific culture. It is widely maintained that the expansion of patenting since about 1980 betrays a scientific tradition to which norms of universalism and common ownership of knowledge were central. This paper goes back to mid-twentieth century debates about science and intellectual property (IP) to argue that many of the norms we take as so central to science were themselves first articulated to critique patenting practices. In particular, it looks at how an economist (Arnold Plant), a scientist/philosopher (Michael Polanyi), and an information theorist (Norbert Wiener) responded to such practices. It especially focuses on the role of intellectual-property concerns in the making of Polanyi's philosophy of science, which it excavates through a reading of his unpublished papers. This reveals that the modern field of ‘science studies’ is indebted for some of its key concepts to an earlier generation of patent wars – an inheritance that exemplifies some of the strange ways in which the sociopolitical meanings of ideas can change from generation to generation. The point is not that present-day critics of scientific patenting are wrong, but that the very terms of the debate are more deeply-seated in the development of scientific culture than any of us has realized.     

马修·阿诺德与“文化与无政府状态”理论

马修·阿诺德是英国新左派和英国文化研究的＂先驱＂。＂传统文化＂是他思想中的核心内容。＂文化与无政府状态＂理论内核价值丰富。他认为严肃文化的守护只有＂文化与无政府状态＂中的＂剩余民＂或＂有机知识分子＂才能担当,这是＂文化霸权＂的时刻,这开启了他对＂大众文化＂正面的认知,对英国文化研究和英国文化马克思主义做出了杰出的贡献。     

文化主义的先知——马修.阿诺德的文化理论

马修·阿诺德是19世纪英国著名的文化批评家。在现代社会工业革命和民主运动的洪流中,他以文化抵制个人主义和工具主义。在他看来文化就是最优秀的言论和思想,能够树立一个共同的理想和权威,从而维护国家的整体性。其文化理论属于人文主义传统范畴,意在培养一个可以领导国家的有教养的中产阶级。阿诺德开创了从文化视野展开社会批评的传统,成为20世纪文化主义的先驱。