Immigration and the public sector: Income effects for the native population in Sweden

The immigrants' age structure and labour market situation are major determinants for their net contribution to the public sector. During the 50s, 60s and the 70s the immigrants' net contributions gave positive income effects for the native Swedes. Nowadays there are negative income effects due to the deteriorating employment situation among the immigrants. The yearly positive or negative income effects have at most been 1–2% of the gross national product. A change in the immigrants' employment rate by 1 percentage unit will change their yearly net contribution to the public sector by 0.1% of the gross national product. Received: 2 February 1996/Accepted: 28 July 1998     

格林伯格和多边比较法的应用

格林伯格的学术研究主要以比较语言学理论为中心，以多边比较法(也叫大规模比较法)为其主要方法论。他利用多边比较法对世界语言进行分类，首先他把非洲语言分为四个大的语系，然后又对其他地区的语言进行分类，并提出了相应的假说，即:印度-太平洋语系假说、美洲印第安语系假说和欧亚语系假说。但是他的方法论并不适用于所有地区的语言分类，同时它的客观性也值得怀疑。     

张学良高等教育思想中的人才观

张学良于1928年执政东北并兼任东北大学校长,他坚信国家富强之关键在于人才的培养,他多次捐出私产,倾力发展大学教育。在张学良主办大学教育、推动东北高等教育发展的过程中,完全体现出他吸引人才、厚待人才、重用人才之观念,他的努力最终使得东北大学这一地方大学在30年代初跻身中国一流大学的行列。分析张学良的人才观念,能使我们更深入地了解这一历史人物以教育振兴东北的爱国爱乡情怀,并冀图对当今的大学教育的发展提供借鉴和某种思路。     

突发公共卫生事件中的“相称性原则”探讨

探讨公共卫生领域中相称性原则产生的必要性、含义和构成要素,并分析相称性原则在突发公共卫生事件（如H1N1流感）中的应用,这无疑具有重大意义。     

R.H.托尼的平等思想述论

作为基督教社会主义学者,R.H.托尼从对基督教社会主义传统的继承和对资本主义"贪婪社会"的批判出发,提出了"伙伴关系"、"功能性社会"等平等思想和建设民主经济和推广文化教育等平等措施。尽管托尼的平等思想中存在着许多不切实际的成分,但是,他的思想仍然具有历史进步意义,对20世纪英国的社会改革发挥了一定的积极作用。     

《恰特莱夫人的情人》及劳伦斯式的和谐人生观

《恰特莱夫人的情人》主要从三方面表征了劳伦斯的和谐人生观:1.对克里夫.恰特莱失落的和谐的严厉批判;2.对康妮缺失的和谐的深刻同情;3.对梅勒斯象征的自然和谐的认同以及对和谐的男女之爱的渴望。     

从行政局到行政会议——香港政制系列研究之二

“行政主导”是香港现行政制中的一大特色，历来为广大港人所认同。本文通过对香港“行政主导”体制作用、地位及具体运作的分析，指出“九七”后在香港继续保留这一体制的合理性和可行性，并对未来香港特别行政区“行政主导”的特色及其与现行体制的异同等作了初步探讨。     

Likelihood ratio test against simple stochastic ordering among several multinomial populations

Stochastic ordering between probability distributions has been widely studied in the past 50 years. Because it is often easy to make valuable judgments when such orderings exist, it is desirable to recognize their existence and to model distributional structures under them. Likelihood ratio test is the most commonly used method to test hypotheses involving stochastic orderings. Among the various formally defined notions of stochastic ordering, the least stringent is simple stochastic ordering. In this paper, we consider testing the hypothesis that all multinomial populations are identically distributed against the alternative that they are in simple stochastic ordering. We construct likelihood ratio test statistic for this hypothesis test problem, provide limit form of the objective function corresponding to the test statistic and show that the test statistic is asymptotically distributed as a mixture of chi-squared distributions, i.e., a chi-bar-squared distribution.     

张学良教育救国思想及其当代意义

张学良教育救国思想形成于20世纪二三十年代.在分析了张学良"教育为民族存亡所系"教育思想重要性的基础上,论述了张学良"教育救国"思想的基本内涵,即弘扬以爱国主义为核心的民族精神,坚持"五育并重"的教育方针,注重"学以致用"理论与实践相结合的教学模式,提倡"兼收并蓄"开放式的办学理念等.特别强调了教育在中华民族振兴中的战略性地位及张学良教育救国思想的现实意义.     

A comparative study of the K-means algorithm and the normal mixture model for clustering: Univariate case

This paper gives a comparative study of the K-means algorithm and the mixture model (MM) method for clustering normal data. The EM algorithm is used to compute the maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) of the parameters of the MM model. These parameters include mixing proportions, which may be thought of as the prior probabilities of different clusters; the maximum posterior (Bayes) rule is used for clustering. Hence, asymptotically the MM method approaches the Bayes rule for known parameters, which is optimal in terms of minimizing the expected misclassification rate (EMCR).