Better stuck together or free to go? Of the stability of cooperation when individuals have outside options

How do outside options affect cooperation? We examine the stability of cooperation and the reasons for exit in public projects with stochastic outcomes, imperfect monitoring and an exit option. We find that treatments with high barriers to exit generate higher welfare overall as they foster stability and prevent inefficient separation of pairs. There is excessive exit in treatments with low barriers to exit, driven in part by an overestimate of the likelihood that the peer will leave and a desire not to be left alone in the public project. We contrast long-term “strategic” and short-term “egoistic” drivers of exit and find that short-term cost-benefit considerations play a more important role in treatments with lower barriers to exit.     

论哈特的内在视角及其理论意义

哈特的重要贡献是,在一般法理论中提出并引入了内在视角。内在视角包含行为模式的趋同与批判反思态度这两个关键因素。批判反思态度既有一种认知维度,又有一种意志要素。通过与外在视角的坐标对照,可以确定内在视角是实践参与者的内在化视角,它与哈特自身的理论立场存在一定的联系与区别。内在视角的引入,有助于说明和理解法律规范性并建构一种有关法律陈述的语义学。此外,内在视角还应被视为法理学的方法论基调。     

An exploration of the robustness of alternative laboratory methodologies: Matching funds and the provision of public goods

The voluntary provision of a pure public good is studied in the presence of an anonymous external donor. New data generated using experimental procedures employing both extra-credit and cash incentives, as well as asynchronous access to real-time decision rounds lasting several days, are compared to previous data generated using traditional cash-only, synchronous-access laboratory procedures. The effect on resource allocations to the public good of introducing external matching funds is examined in two different settings, lump-sum matching and one-to-one matching. The new data confirm the robustness of results previously reported in Baker et al. (2009) to the change in laboratory procedures and incentives. The new data are then used to extend the parameter space in which the two matching mechanisms are studied, including: varying within-round information regarding the current level of public-good allocations and varying group size from four to twenty group members. Allocations in lump-sum matching are no worse, and sometimes better, than one-to-one matching in these new treatments.     

The willingness to pay–willingness to accept gap revisited: The role of emotions and moral satisfaction

While many earlier studies have found that people’s maximum willingness to pay for having a good is often substantially lower than their minimum willingness to accept not having it, more recent experimental evidence suggests that this discrepancy vanishes for standard consumption goods when an incentive-compatible design without misconceptions is used. This paper hypothesises that there is nevertheless a discrepancy for goods with a perceived moral character, such as contributions to a good cause, and moreover that the reason for this discrepancy can largely be explained by differences in emotions and moral perceptions. The results from a real-money dichotomous-choice experiment, combined with measurements of emotions and morality, are consistent with these hypotheses.     

Is WTP an attitudinal measure? Empirical analysis of the psychological explanation for contingent values

Contingent valuation has been given a psychological interpretation, by Kahneman and colleagues, that claims willingness to pay bids represent psychological attitudes rather than personal economic valuations. Evidence reported here shows the need to qualify the role of this attitudinal explanation. In contradiction to the attitudinal hypothesis, the decision to bid zero or positive appears to represent a complex psychological appraisal. Furthermore, evidence of bid clustering on currency denominations implies fundamental differences concerning how people respond to a monetary scale. Whether interpreted as charitable contributions or imprecise welfare estimates there are serious implications for how economists interpret and use stated preference responses.     

提升我国服装业综合竞争力探析——以H&M公司为借鉴

众所周知,服装是人们生活之所必须,服装业自然是一个国家国民经济中最重要的产业之一。对于中国这样的人口大国来说,服装业的重要性更是不言而喻。但一方面,目前我国服装企业存在上规模上档次的企业少、设计能力薄弱、服装品牌的含金量不足、库存压力大、产业链不健全、缺乏行业的专业人才、缺乏高效IT平台的支撑、经营管理的效率较低、信息反馈落后等诸多问题。另一方面,随着中国经济的持续发展、人均可支配收入的不断提高,国外的服装企业将中国视为一个发展潜力巨大的市场,众多国际著名品牌纷纷进驻中国,并且强劲扩张,这又给中国的服装企业带来新的挑战和压力。中国服装企业不仅需要了解自身状况,还需要对国外服装企业例如国际服装巨头H&M公司①的成功经验进行借鉴,从而从产品、营销渠道、人才、管理、未来发展等方面寻求提升综合竞争力的对策。     

瘟疫、谣言与社会恐慌——以湖南为例的研究

建国前湖南瘟疫频仍,严重危害民众的生命健康。大量人口的染疫与死亡,甚至短时期内“整家整户皆绝”,往往造成巨大的社会恐慌。在瘟疫发生、人心惶惑之际,政府一方面要及时采取各种有效措施施医送药、积极防治;另一方面必须加强疫病防治知识的宣传普及,防微杜渐,正确引导社会舆论,尽释群疑,安定人心。否则任由谣言以讹传讹,无限放大,将会带来灾难性的后果。     

哈特对美国现实主义法学的批判及其问题

哈特对现实主义法学的批判主要包括两个方面：一是以语言的开放结构为工具,通过质疑“逻辑贬抑论”、“规则怀疑论”对现实主义法学的“法律不确定性”命题进行挞伐;二是以内在观点与外在观点、内在陈述与外在陈述的二分工具对现实主义法学的“预测模式”进行诘难。哈特对现实主义法学“法律不确定性”命题的批判并没有说出比现实主义者更新的内容,并且未曾或故意忽略了该命题提出的历史背景、理论旨趣和适用范围。对“预测模式”的批判主要是基于一种不同理论立场的“误读”,即要求一种司法面向的法理学去承担本体论上的任务。     

Managing and sharing H1N1 crisis information using social media bookmarking services

Social media outlets are becoming main stream venues for risk and crisis communication, and how information is shared is critical. Analysis of social bookmarks regarding H1N1 demonstrate the CDC was the most popular reference for information, individuals were strongly present, blogs were the most popular type of documents, and Twitter is the most popular source being referenced. The crisis communication literature has just started to address those stakeholders that are creating their own influence and messages online.