Working Unusual Hours and Its Relationship to Job Satisfaction: A Study of European Maritime Pilots

Our study focuses on maritime pilotage in seven European countries and analyzes the level of job satisfaction and its predictors. Like most existing studies in the field of job satisfaction, we show that job satisfaction is an outcome of the work of maritime pilots. Stressful working conditions, such as working unsocial hours and irregular working patterns, create strains that together with intervening factors related to work, family, or the work environment ultimately reduce job satisfaction. However, our results indicate that although negative physical and social consequences are important, they are neither the strongest nor the only variables determining job satisfaction. Another effect seems more important in European maritime pilotage: Job satisfaction is instead a predictor of how much pressure and stress pilots can handle. Despite health problems and a reduction in their quality of life due to working unusual hours, most maritime pilots do not regret their choice of profession. Factors to ameliorate the working conditions are also identified. The most important parameters include alterations in working time systems, working conditions which minimize physical strain, fairness regarding payment, flexibility within the compensation system, an intensification of the possibilities for involvement and participation, an extended degree of co-determination, and the distribution of the ownership of the pilot stations.     

早期酋长制群体的聚落形态比较研究——以内蒙古东部、安第斯山北部和美洲中部三个地区为例

对内蒙古东部、安第斯山北部和美洲中部三个地区的早期酋长制群体的聚落形态进 行的比较研究表明,尽管这三个地区的发展过程大致相当,但在这三个地区中,大体类似的转变 却以不同的方式发生,从而导致了三个各具特色的等级社会的出现。最初的、大规模的、以等级 制度原则组织起来的酋长制群体出现后,其发展轨道的早期阶段明显地为后来的、较大的、更复 杂的政治实体即国家的出现创造了条件。通过地域性聚落分析,可以发现这三个地区在不同规模 层次上的人口和社会组织的异同,其中在赤峰和奥哈卡(Oaxaca)地区都存在的小型群体却不见 于马格达雷那高地(AltoMagdalena)的现象,需要进行更深入的研究,才能进一步揭示出在马 格达雷那高地是什么样的社会交流把这些家庭联合成更大的社会团体。     

南高史地学派引论（上）

南高史地研究会是南京高等师范学校的一个以在校学生为主体的学术社团,实行导师制,主要的导师为柳诒徵和竺可桢;会员中的骨干为陈训慈、张其昀、缪凤林、郑鹤声、向达和刘扌炎藜等人。上述诸人因为学术旨趣相近,在史地研究会及其会刊《史地学报》停止活动后,另行活动,最终形成了现代学术史上与学衡派有紧密关系的南高史地学派。     

论民族聚落的形成及其民俗功能——以丝绸之路沿线民族情况为依据

民族聚落的形成,与民族群体中的人伦血缘宗族凝聚、地缘机制分布以及经济文化的板块结构等因素相关联。在社会发展的不同阶段,三者分别起着重要的主导作用。民族聚落在其形成后,发挥着稳定社会生活模式的民俗功能。     

香港高等教育社会适应性办学模式的质量问题及其启示

香港高等教育进入普及教育阶段后,学校的发展采用社会适应性办学模式,其模式在处理数量与质量上有顾此失彼,转型初期出现了诸如生源、师资、素质教育等质量问题。在实施社会适应性办学模式过程中(尤其九七年香港回归后),政府各界与学校一道推进了改革,从教育目标、课程建设、合作交流等方向可窥视他们的大胆尝试。     

大学生英语听力训练模式数据分析及学习策略的思考

本文就大学生听力训练的三种学习模式进行了实验,并结合认知学习论和“母语—英语知识—认知双元结构”的相关理论,对实验的相关数据进行了分析,同时,针对不同的学生提出了不同的学习策略和教学模式。     

略论西方国家电力监管立法及其借鉴意义

在系统介绍西方国家电力监管立法的基础上,就西方国家在电力监管立法的基本意义、价值目标和基本模式、内容等进行了全面分析,从中总结出了电力监管立法要注意制定监管规则、保持监管之独立性,以及支持竞争保持中立等对我国具有重要借鉴意义的若干经验。     

Determination of Less-Than-Lifetime Exposures to Point Source Emissions

This paper presents a method of estimating long-term exposures to point source emissions. The method consists of a Monte Carlo exposure model (PSEM or Point Source Exposure Model) that combines data on population mobility and mortality with information on daily activity patterns. The approach behind the model can be applied to a wide variety of exposure scenarios. In this paper, PSEM is used to characterize the range and distribution of lifetime equivalent doses received by inhalation of air contaminated by the emissions of a point source. The output of the model provides quantitative information on the dose, age, and gender of highly exposed individuals. The model is then used in an example risk assessment. Finally, future uses of the model's approach are discussed.     

浅析数学的创造性思维

本文阐述了数学创造性思维的含义与特征，从数学教育的角度，辩析了在数学教学中如何培养学生创造思维的方法与途径．     

Binary-image restoration

We consider the problem of binary-image restoration. The image being restored is not random, and we make no assumption about the nature of its contents. The estimate of the colour at each site is a fixed (the same for all sites) function of the data available in a neighbourhood of that site. Under this restriction, the estimate minimizing the overall mean squared error of prediction is the conditional expectation of the true colour given the observations in the neighbourhood of a site. The computation of this conditional expectation leads to the formal definition of the local characteristics of an image, namely, the frequency with which each pattern appears in the true unobserved image. When the “true” distribution of the patterns is unknown, it can be estimated from the records. The conditional expectation described above can then be evaluated using the estimated distribution of the patterns, and this procedure leads to a very natural estimate of the colour at each site. We propose two unbiased and consistent estimates for the distribution of patterns when the noise is a Gaussian white noise. Since the size of realistic images is very large, the estimated pattern distribution is usually close to the true one. This suggests that the estimated conditional expectation can be expected to be nearly optimal. An interesting feature of the proposed restoration methods is that they do not require prior knowledge of the local or global properties of the true underlying image. Several examples based on synthetic images show that the new methods perform fairly well for a variety of images with different degrees of colour continuity or textures.