When is brokerage negatively associated with economic benefits? Ethnic diversity,competition, and common-pool resources

There is a growing body of literature positively linking dimensions of social capital to economic benefits. Yet recent research also points to a potential “dark side” of social capital, where over-embeddedness in networks and the pressures associated with brokerage are hypothesized to constrain actors, having a negative effect on economic outcomes. This dichotomy suggests that context is important, yet the overwhelming majority of existing empirical evidence stems from socially homogenous populations in corporate and organizational settings, limiting a broader understanding of when and how context matters. We advance this discourse to a socially fragmented, ethnically diverse common-pool resource system where information is highly valuable and competition is fierce. Merging several unique datasets from Hawaii's pelagic tuna fishery, we find that network prominence, i.e., being well connected locally, has a significant, positive effect on economic productivity. In contrast, we find that brokerage, defined here as ties that bridge either structurally distinct or ethnically distinct groups, has a significant, negative effect. Taken together, our results provide empirical support to widespread claims of the value of information access in common-pool resource systems, yet suggest that in ethnically diverse, competitive environments, brokers may be penalized for sharing information across social divides. Our results thus contribute to an emerging theory on the fragile nature of brokerage that recognizes its potential perils and the importance of context.     

Social insurance and children: The relationship between Social Security,economic well-being,and family context among child recipients

The relationship between social insurance, which provides families protection against certain risks, and child economic security is understudied. Using the 2004 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) matched to Social Security Administration benefit records, this article investigates the economic welfare effects of the child component of the US Social Security program. We examine how the poverty rate of child beneficiaries would change, absent Social Security income, and how heavily the family incomes of these children rely on it, by family characteristics. Our findings reveal that Social Security plays an important role in mitigating economic insecurity among children deprived of a wage-earning parent through disability, death, or retirement. Family structure, earnings, and employment status are identified as key factors moderating the effect of Social Security on child recipients’ financial circumstance.     

Child poverty and family policies across eighteen wealthy Western democracies

While a good deal has been written about the potential value of family policies in reducing child poverty in Western countries, few cross-national quantitative studies have been carried out on this topic. This article uses ordinary least squares regression analysis on panel data from 18 Western democracies from 1987 to 2007 to test the significance of family policies and other welfare policies on child poverty rates. It extends existing research on the relationship between family policies and child poverty by utilizing a broader data-set in terms of time, countries, and child poverty measures. The main finding is that all three of the main family policies studied – child cash and tax benefits, paid parenting leaves, and public support for childcare – correlate significantly with lower child poverty rates. Somewhat surprisingly, disability and sickness insurance also correlates significantly with lower child poverty in nearly every model and test. These findings provide valuable insight for future research and policy-making in the area of child poverty.     

婚姻偿付·婚姻资助·姻亲互惠——对农村婚姻支付实践的尝试性解读

农村婚姻支付正经历从婚姻偿付向婚姻资助和姻亲互惠变迁的过程。婚姻支付实践背后蕴含的是农村社会结构和文化意义的变迁,从儿子单面养老到儿女双面养老的家庭保障、重家族关系到重姻亲关系、子辈权利意识兴起与父权衰落等方面的发展变化反映了深刻的农村社会转型。     

公民环境公益诉讼的动力机制

在分析公民环境公益诉讼的外在价值和内在价值的基础上,对公民提起诉讼动力不足的因素进行分析表明,动力不足的内在结构缺陷表现为经济理性满足度缺乏、生态理性缺失和法律理性先天不足等方面。应着力开发公民公益诉讼动力。     

论教学相长在高职英语教学中的重要性

教师与学生、教与学,是贯穿整个教学过程的最基本的一对关系。建立师生共同发展的教学关系,是课程教学改革的重要方向和基本任务。当前,面对高职教学以实用为主的实施策略,教师必须在教中不断学习、终身学习。只有这样,教师才能不断丰富、拓宽自己的知识,从而适应不断发展的教育教学的需要,既有效提高教育教学效果,又全面提升自己的教学能力与职业素养。     

Differences and similarities in monetary benefits for informal care in old and new EU member states

This article presents an overview of the monetary benefits available in the context of long‐term care provided by family or other informal carers in 11 old and 10 new EU member states. All but one country in our sample offer at least some monetary benefits that can be used to help finance informal care. Old EU member states tend to direct benefits to individuals in need of care, whereas new EU member states place more emphasis on benefits for carers. Among new EU member states, monetary benefits are less often means‐tested and tend to be lower compared with benefits in old EU member states. Because social policies in many countries increasingly rely on monetary benefits rather than on benefits in kind and because the share of informal care in the overall provision of elderly care will scarcely decline, monetary benefit incentives for labour market participation need to be carefully monitored.     

大学集群本质探悉与动力机制分析

大学集群是世界各国高等教育发展的一种普遍形式。透过国内外大学集群现象可以看出,大学集群内大学之间不仅地理上临近,组织上也临近,因此,它是由各具特色的大学构成的异质性组织。集聚经济效应和知识竞争优势是大学集群形成与发展的内部动力,它与政府推动力、名校效应等外部动力因素相辅相承、共同推动大学集群形成与发展。     

中国社会组织发展的社会经济效益量化测度与分析

社会组织是推动中国经济与社会发展的一支重要力量。通过文献梳理归纳中国社会组织对经济与社会发展的主要贡献模式,运用灰色关联分析法剖析社会组织同国民经济三次产业部门间的内在发展联系,并以此为参考修订投入产出表,构建投入产出评价模型量化测度与分析中国社会组织发展的社会经济效益。研究结果显示,当前中国社会组织发展的社会经济效益不容忽视,且未来存在较大提升空间,而持续健康发展是中国社会组织得以提升其社会经济效益的根本条件。     

城市“外来蓝领”的就业与社会融合

利用中国人民大学人口与发展研究中心2005年7月在广东省惠州市的调查数据,以数家企业中的"外来蓝领"(即工厂、企业中的外来务工人员)为样本,对这些在企业中工作的外来务工人员的就业状况和社会融合进行分析。结果表明,这些"外来蓝领"对务工地的选择并非是盲目的,他们外出的动机开始呈现多元化趋势;随着国家一系列关于农民工培训和保障政策的出台,接受调查的大多数"外来蓝领"与用人单位之间签订了劳动合同,并对合同的内容有一定的了解,然而他们对政府的法规依赖性高,并且由于户口的限制,他们的社会保险在实施层面还存在较大的不足;尽管"外来蓝领"在与社区融合方面表现出较强的能力,但是同城市当地人之间的交流缺乏,造成其社会融合程度低,形成了"蚁巢"现象。