《水浒传》研究中的一个悖论

近来《水浒传》研究中有一种倾向,一方面认为过去对农民起义评价过高,指出它的许多局限和错误,甚至认为它不但不是推动历史前进的动力,而且是破坏社会的力量;另一方面却用极高的标准来要求《水浒传》和他所描写的英雄人物。这就形成一个悖论,一方面贬低农民起义,一方面又用超过农民起义可能达到的要求来批判《水浒传》。     

Taking the reins: A grounded theory study of women's experiences of negotiating water immersion for labour and birth after a previous caesarean section

BackgroundWomen seeking a vaginal birth after a caesarean section (VBAC) frequently want to keep their subsequent labour and birth free from intervention. Water immersion (WI) during labour is potentially an effective tool for women having a VBAC for its natural pain-relieving properties. However, negotiating access to WI can be difficult, especially in the context of VBAC.AimTo explore women's experiences of negotiating WI for labour and birth in the context of VBAC.MethodologyThis Grounded Theory study followed Strauss and Corbin's framework and analytic process. Twenty-five women planning or using WI for their VBAC labour or birth were recruited from two midwifery practices and a social media group across Australia. Participants were interviewed during pregnancy and/or postnatally.Findings‘Taking the reins’, the core category explaining the women’s experiences of assuming authority over their birth, comprised five categories: ‘Robbed of my previous birth experience’; ‘My eyes were opened’; ‘Water is my tool for a successful VBAC’; ‘Actioning my choices and rights for WI’, and ‘Empowered to take back control’. ‘Wanting natural and normal’ was the driving force behind women’s desire to birth vaginally. Two mediating factors: Having someone in your corner and Rules for birth facilitated or hindered their birth choices, respectively.ConclusionThe women became active participants in their healthcare by seeking information and options to keep their birth experience natural and normal. Support from other women and advocacy in the form of continuity of midwifery care was crucial in successfully negotiating WI for their VBAC when navigating the complex health system.     

水资源的可持续利用与国家行政体制改革——兼论水权概念的局限性

水资源的可持续利用是能否实现可持续发展的重大战略问题,其核心是建立节水社会和有效防治水污染.人们试图借鉴经济学的产权理论,把水权理论作为突破水资源改革难题的核心概念,但它并不能在水资源的可持续利用、合理配置和保护上提供有效的解释力.水资源可持续利用的核心问题是与现行的行政体制安排之间存在着冲突,其出路是通过国家行政体制的改革来提高政府的行政能力.     

清末以来江南城市的生活用水与霍乱

1820年霍乱传入江南之后,城市污染的市河遂成为一严重的疾病问题.清末民国年间,在大城市,大量土井和外来人口的存在,使得饮用和使用不洁水源的现象,仍然存在,故霍乱感染人数,仍然相当多.在中小城市,由于生活用水主要依赖江河和井水,也有比较高的感染率.但在某些水流速度较快、水质清洁的小市镇,其感染率则较低.     

Attitude–behavior consistency in household water consumption

The purpose of this paper is to examine how environmental attitudes and concern about water scarcity translate into water conservation behavior. The study considers whether Oregonians environmental concern measured by the New Environmental Paradigm scale and sociodemographic characteristics influence personal water conservation activities. Using a survey conducted in the spring of 2010 of Oregon residents, the interaction of environmental concern and sociodemographics that predict identified water conservation behaviors are considered.     

清代洮河流域水利利用探析

重点探讨了清代洮河流域水利利用及工程建设情况。通过对比分析,发现清代前中期与后期在水利工程建设规模、数量、灌田面积等方面均有较大差别。前中期因政局因素更多表现为大规模与政府主导性,成果较辉煌;后期因政局动乱与民族问题而表现为兴建工程少、泉水灌溉等小规模水利设施兴起、原有水渠部分淤塞等。同时对清代本区的水利利用工具水车与水磨使用情况进行了探讨,认为水利事业的发展与社会的稳定、政府的重视互为因果、相互促进。     

西汉法定徳属考辨

文献中常有"炎汉"、"炎刘"的提法,其实准确地讲这仅指东汉。整西汉一朝,始终未立火德,前期是水德,中后期是土德。至于西汉后期极为盛行的火德,并未被定为法定徳属,直到光武帝时才"始正火德"。若以为"炎汉"即为两汉,则是对历史真相的曲解。     

北京城市水文化与城市生态

北京在历史上曾有"水乡北京"之称。城市发展与水文化相互作用,形成了传统北京独特的水系文化地理,从元至明清,北京水系文化地理形成了从同心圆结构向散点立体结构的变迁。水系的存在还造就了传统北京的城市生态,"江南想象"、"城市山林"与活跃的城市活动是传统北京城市生态的三个方面。当代北京水文化的发展,应从复原城市水文化标志、疏通文化水脉、打造城市水文化景观入手,实现对北京城市无序扩张的生态遏制。     

论《单位》和《沧浪之水》中的单位青年人形象

刘震云的中篇小说《单位》和阎真的长篇小说《沧浪之水》通过青年形象的塑造来展现成长主题。在这两部小说中有三类青年形象:一类是成长主人公,他们经由单位制度和文化的改造而呈现出复杂的意味;另一类青年形象是主动成长者,这些主动成长者既对单位制度和文化有揭示作用,同时又是主人公成长的镜像;第三类青年形象是拒绝成长者,他们既可能因改造而成长,也可能长期定型为单位中的边缘角色。     

《左传》“孤、寡人”意义考辨

"孤"和"寡人"二词历来被释为王侯自称的谦词,但学术界对此争论不断。文章结合二词的本义,对《左传》中二词的全部102条用例进行了穷尽性的分析、比较,认为春秋时期诸侯有凶事时自称曰"孤",其余一般情况下自称为"寡人",即"有凶称孤,无凶则称寡人"。