老年、老化与老龄化的概念辨析

年龄是衡量个体进入某个生命阶段的常用标志,不仅用来统计个体从出生至死亡所经历的整年数,也用来反映个体某一时期的生理、心理特征,同时也是社会和文化对个体实施的有意义的标记。承载了一定年龄数的老年,首先是一个反映个体生理、心理特征的概念;与此同时,不同的社会文化在法律、法规、角色规范、价值观等社会设置方面对老年的规定和解释也各不相同。老化最初是指个体层面上的从成年到老年生理功能、心理能力的衰退过程,后来越来越多地与个体的整个生命历程以及个体所在的社会文化环境联系起来。老龄化是一个宏观层面上的人口学概念,指老年人口在总人口中比重提高的过程。老年、老化、老龄化三个概念由于在某种程度上均与年龄相关而存在联系,但是它们含义不同,不能混淆使用。     

川东北地区新石器时代考古学文化初探

长期以来,学术界对川东北地区新石器时代考古学文化面貌和时代的认识比较模糊.本文通过与成都平原的宝墩文化和三峡地区龙山时代文化相比较,认为通江擂鼓寨遗址和巴中月亮岩遗址受三峡地区龙山时代文化影响较大,绵阳边堆山遗址受宝墩文化影响较大,广元张家坡遗址、邓家坪遗址则受到宝墩文化和三峡地区龙山时代文化的共同影响.宝墩文化和三峡地区龙山时代文化在川东北地区的分布大致以嘉陵江为界.     

论形上迷失与异化劳动

形上迷失即终极关怀的缺失,它的内在原因是人的意识,但意识在人类诞生之初仅提供给形上迷失以先在的前提条件,真正导致形上迷失产生的是把人类从他的物质家园———自然中分离出去的异化劳动。在异化劳动的推动下形上迷失跨越史前时代、古代文明和轴心期这三个历史阶段,从偶然的可能开始经由现实的可能最终达到其完全的现实。与此同时在轴心期,人类的精神家园也随之而彻底建立。     

Age, period, and cohort effects on religious activities and beliefs

Despite the theoretical emphasis on religious decline in modern societies, sociologists remain divided over trends in religious activity and belief that support or refute claims of religious decline. Much of this disagreement stems from the inability to distinguish between period and cohort effects when analyzing repeated cross-sectional survey data. I use the intrinsic estimator, a recently developed method of simultaneously estimating age, period, and cohort effects, to examine changes in Americans’ religious service attendance, prayer, belief in the afterlife, and biblical literalism. Results show that regular service attendance declines, predominantly across cohorts. There are also period- and cohort-based declines in biblical literalism and a cohort-based decline in prayer. Belief in the afterlife is relatively stable across periods and cohorts. These results provide mixed support for theories of religious decline, and they demonstrate the importance of differentiating between period and cohort effects on social change.     

图像时代文学创作的危机与选择

当今图像时代的中国文学创作无疑陷入了危机。图像时代颠覆了文学创作的美学倾向,使其陷入了道德危机。图像时代解构了文学创作的中心地位,使其陷入了价值危机。图像时代破坏了文学创作的基本工具,又使其陷入了语言危机。由此提出了面对图像时代文学创作的可能选择,一方面作家应积极介入和利用视觉媒介,他们应为大众创作出更多更好的视觉文化产品,改善和提升我们的视觉文化环境;另一方面文学创作应回归言志传统。文学在被政治和经济力量左右之后,应该重新回归文学自身的审美情感力量。作家们应沉潜下来,培养和发挥自己的独立意识,对我们这个日益变化着的现实进行深入的思考和提炼,才能创造出真正有时代内涵、有普世价值的经典作品。     

破晓时一声清脆的鸟啼——为英国文艺复兴时期的田园诗歌而辩

传统的研究认为文艺复兴时期的田园诗歌是文人们消极遁世的文学,空想和虚幻是其主要特征,故一直没有进入研究的主流。但结合中世纪和文艺复兴初期的时代背景和文学主流可以发现：从诗歌创作的主题、手法和意境等诸多方面来看,田园诗歌都是对中世纪主流文学的反叛,蕴含着积极的、丰富的思想。本文试对田园诗歌在英国文艺复兴时期的发展和繁荣以及显著特点做初步研究,从而进一步推动国内外对田园诗歌多视角、多元化的批评与解读。     

网络时代上海社会管理创新研究

社会管理创新是一个时代课题。随着以信息技术为支撑的网络社会的逐步形成和深入发展,虚拟网络已经渗透到现实社会生活的各个方面,成为人们社会交往的重要渠道和实现人际关系的重要载体。网络社会对上海社会运行的影响力逐渐强化,现实社会对网络社会的依赖性与日俱增。网络时代的到来,对上海的社会管理工作带来了全新的命题。一方面网络为城市社会管理提供了新的手段和方式;另一方面网络也对上海现有的社会管理体制形成较大的挑战。深入揭示网络社会与现实社会的互动关系及内在机理,阐明网络传播对现实社会管理产生的种种影响,把握利用网络加强社会管理的有效方式,构建涵盖网络社会与现实社会的社会管理的新体制与新机制,是上海社会管理创新的一项重要任务。     

Comparison of the effectiveness of IPSS and VPSS without any help in LUTS patients: a prospective study

Aim: To compare the correlation of visual prostate symptom score (VPSS) and international prostate symptom score (IPSS). To investigate the effect of educational level and age in the responses to VPSS and IPSS.

Method: Three hundred and nine patients who gave consent and applied via LUTS to our institution were included in this study. They were requested to fill IPSS and VPSS. The patients were divided into two groups as middle-aged and elderly with a cutoff point of 65?years. They were divided into six groups based on educational level. SPSS was used for the statistical evaluation.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 61.5?±?8.9?years. The correlation was found between IPSS and VPSS (p?p?=?.332 and .138, respectively). No difference was found between the middle-aged and elderly groups in terms of the rates of inability to answer IPSS and VPSS (p?=?.177 and .681, respectively).

Conclusions: There is a correlation between VPSS and IPSS. VPSS can be used as an auxiliary or alternative tool instead of IPSS in evaluating LUTS; however, has no superiority to IPSS in elderly group. Currently, the best option to exclude bias in illiterate group is VPSS.     

Comprehensive assessment of youth violence in five Caribbean countries: Gender and age differences

Differences in gender and age have been established in the context of crime, violence, and prevalence of risk and protective factors. These studies are often notable only in the Western Hemisphere. Despite growth in crime and violence in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), relatively little understanding of violence in CARICOM member states exists. In light of these concerns, the major purposes of this study include: (1) comprehensively assessing the scope of the four behaviors (i.e., engagement, victimization, witness, and report) in relation to violence and youth’s perceptions of risk and protective factors in family and school domains, and (2) examining how they differ by youth’s gender and age. This study draws on assessment data on youth violence in five CARICOM Member States: Antigua and Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago using a completed 51-item quantitative questionnaire from approximately 512 students. The results suggest that violence engagement, victimization, witness, and report significantly differed by gender and age. Male students were more likely to engage in violence, but less likely to report such violence to adults. Similarly, older students reported that they were more likely to engage in and witness violence. For risk and protective factors, female students reported significantly higher scores on domestic violence, whereas male students had higher scores on the access to drugs/weapons. Older students also tended to report higher levels of some school risk factors and lower levels of some protective factors in both family and school.     

重建全球化时代的中华民族和文化认同

如果我们承认全球化确实已经对中国的政治、经济以及社会和文化产生了重大影响的话,那么我们就可以据此进一步断定,全球化时代的到来不仅模糊了民族-国家的疆界,同时也模糊了不同文化之间的界限,使得某一个特定的民族的认同变得多重,具体体现在文化上就更是呈现了一种文化认同的多极化和非单一化.实际上,全球化之于文化的一个重要作用就在于它消解了认同的"单一性"和"本真性",为一种超民族主义的多元文化认同铺平了道路.中华文化的认同已经不再是简单的儒学或道学的认同,而是一种受到西方文化影响并经过当代重新阐释了的新的多元认同,在这方面,经过后现代语境下重新建构的新儒学将占据举足轻重的地位.