Getting the offer: Sex discrimination in hiring

The hiring process is currently the least understood aspect of the employment relationship. It may be the most important for understanding the broad processes of stratification with allocation of demographic groups to jobs and firms. The lack of knowledge is due to difficulty of assembling data on the processes that occur at the point of hire. Against this background we analyze data on all applicants to positions in one of the largest Scandinavian banks in 1997–1998, providing what we believe to be the first study using applicant pool data and information about extended offers in a private-sector European firm, adding to the record of about half a dozen such U.S. studies. The hiring agents in the organization are fully conscious and concerned about the nonconscious biases and gender schemas they carry when making hiring decisions. Their effects on hiring are considered to be beyond dispute: women are at a clear disadvantage. For actual hiring practices we found that the opposite is true: women are not at a disadvantage and may even be at an advantage in getting offers. Two organizational practices may lead to female advantage. The hiring agents had been educated about the role of nonconscious biases, which perhaps mitigated their effects. But they had also been instructed to search actively for qualified females in the applicant pool. With no qualified females in the first pass, they go through the pool a second and third time hoping to find one. We discuss reasons why the interpretations and meanings the hiring agents attribute to the hiring process are at odds with what actually occurs.     

我国出生性别比例失调之法律思考

出生性别比例失调反映出生育领域存在男女不平等现象,这一“不和谐音符”,已成为迫切需要引起广泛关注的问题。通过对我国性别比例失调的基本现状及原因进行分析,认为应借鉴韩国、印度以及我国台湾地区的有效措施,通过完善现行刑法、妇女权益保障法以及社会保障法规制度,采取法律手段来解决出生性别比例失调问题。     

Socioeconomic evaluation of a correctional programme in Sweden—long-term effects Samhällsekonomisk utvärdering av ett kriminalvårdsprogram i Sverige—långsiktiga effekter

The present article focuses on the long-term socioeconomic outcome of a correctional programme in Sweden, called KrAmi (n=62), using a systematic comparison with a control group of probation clients (n=51). The evaluation, which had a quasi-experimental design, was based on actual costs for each client (n=113) for a period of five years, from 1995 to 1999. The follow-up period was two years, during which the socioeconomic costs decreased step-wise for both groups, probation groups more so than programme groups. The deteriorations were 70–80% compared to the period before treatment. Rehabilitation to labour market, measured in pension points, was more successful for programme groups than for control groups. Thanks to this, as well as lower costs during the treatment period, the programme groups’ socioeconomic profitability, measured with a 15-year cost–benefit analysis (CBA), was greater than that of the control groups. The cost–effectiveness analysis (CEA) shows that the KrAmi groups are better off in work rehabilitation, depreciation time (one year compared with two and a half years for probation groups) and repayment ratio (14 SEK compared to 6 SEK for probation groups) although cost savings are greater for probation groups.     

现行生育保险制度亟待解决的问题及改进对策

目前我国的生育保险制度存在发展不平衡,覆盖面不广,基金筹集渠道窄,待遇标准不统一,管理手段落后等问题,对此,建议采取加大宣传力度,强化生育保险意识,实行社会统筹制度,加快法制建设等有效措施,完善我国的生育保险制度。     

Women are Victims,Men Make Choices: The Invisibility of Men and Boys in the Global Sex Trade

The invisibility of men and boys in scholarly discussions of the global sex trade was analyzed through a sample of 166 recent articles published in social science journals. Most failed to acknowledge the existence of male sex workers at all. When male sex workers were discussed, they were assigned considerably more agency than female sex workers, the chief danger ascribed to them was HIV rather than violence, and the question of their sexual orientation was always addressed, whereas female sex workers were always assumed heterosexual. The results are discussed in the context of world system theory, Orientalism, and heteronormativity.     

浅析企业年金计划的偿付责任与企业负债率的关系

开办企业年金计划企业的会计报表屁示，这些企业的财务杠杆率相对企业的举债能力而言普遍偏低，但是，如果企业把年金计划的偿付责任作为企业长期负债合并到企业资产负债表中，则这类企业的低财务杠杆率相对于最优财务杠杆率的差距将减小。本文从企业年金缴费对应征税收入影响和会计处理的角度，分析企业年金计划对企业边际税率和企业资本结构调整的作用。     

对我国存款准备金率调整及其存在问题的分析

近年来,由于外汇占款大量增加,经济和货币信贷增长较快,中央银行连续调高了存款准备金率。但从存款准备金工具运用的国际经验看,由于该工具存在诸多固有缺陷,目前已逐渐淡出历史舞台。从国内货币政策实践看,存款准备金率在运用过程中也存在诸多问题和不足,过高的存款准备水平无法解决中国经济中的突出矛盾和结构性问题,政府应更有针对性的采用其他政策工具调节经济中存在的问题。     

本真生命的释放与真实艺术的探求--郁达夫创作新论

郁达夫小说极易被误读的地方很多,而性及颓废、感伤既是郁达夫作品的内容,也是其作品的形式,更是作者通过叙述技巧与文学阅读之间达成的一种反常化美学效果。郁达夫小说中的“人”是要通过人的自然性内容的露骨表现,完成他对人的社会性的怀疑和“轻视”及对人生悲剧性的体认和思索。     

Confidence Bounds for Multiplicative Comparisons

Statements that are inherently multiplicative have historically been justified using ratios of random variables. Although recent work on ratios has extended the classical theory to produce confidence bounds conditioned on a positive denominator, this current article offers a novel perspective that eliminates the need for such a condition. Although seemingly trivial, this new perspective leads to improved lower confidence bounds to support multiplicative statements. This perspective is also more satisfying as it allows comparisons that are inherently multiplicative in nature to be properly analyzed as such.     

On Sharp Jensen's Inequality and Some Unusual Applications

The purpose of this article is two-fold. First, we find it very interesting to explore a kind of notion of optimality of the customary Jensen-bound among all Jensen-type bounds. Without this result, the customary Jensen-bound stood alone simply as just another bound. The proposed notion and the associated optimality are important given that in some situations the Jensen's inequality does leave us empty handed.

When it comes to highlighting Jensen's inequality, unfortunately only a handful of nearly routine applications continues to recycle time after time. Such encounters rarely produce any excitement. This article may change that outlook given its second underlying purpose, which is to introduce a variety of unusual applications of Jensen's inequality. The collection of our important and useful applications and their derivations are new.