Statistical mechanical analysis of the dynamics of learning in perceptrons

We describe the application of tools from statistical mechanics to analyse the dynamics of various classes of supervised learning rules in perceptrons. The character of this paper is mostly that of a cross between a biased non-encyclopaedic review and lecture notes: we try to present a coherent and self-contained picture of the basics of this field, to explain the ideas and tricks, to show how the predictions of the theory compare with (simulation) experiments, and to bring together scattered results. Technical details are given explicitly in an appendix. In order to avoid distraction we concentrate the references in a final section. In addition this paper contains some new results: (i) explicit solutions of the macroscopic equations that describe the error evolution for on-line and batch learning rules; (ii) an analysis of the dynamics of arbitrary macroscopic observables (for complete and incomplete training sets), leading to a general Fokker–Planck equation; and (iii) the macroscopic laws describing batch learning with complete training sets. We close the paper with a preliminary expose´ of ongoing research on the dynamics of learning for the case where the training set is incomplete (i.e. where the number of examples scales linearly with the network size).     

影响大学生学习积极性的因素及对策

当代大学生学习积极性具有六大动力因素,且具明显的时代特征;而学习积极性不足现象是由社会及学校环境,特别是由主观方面的价值观因素、情感因素等因素造成。因此提高大学生学习积极性一方面应从教育理念、培养目标以及管理等方面着手,另一方面更应从正确的价值观(正面输导、培育学习兴趣、利用道德责任等)、稳定的情感以及正确的归因理论方面提出有效措施。     

学生授课PK法在大学课堂教学中的运用

大学课堂大多以教师讲授为主,很难听到学生的观点与异议,学生的主动性与积极性难以激发,学习效果受到严重影响。本文提出一种提高大学课堂学习效果的学生授课PK法,这种方法将改变教师一贯唱主角的教学模式,同时提高学生参与学习的主动性、积极性。     

Newsvendor Problems with Demand Shocks and Unknown Demand Distributions

In today's competitive market, demand volume and even the underlying demand distribution can change quickly for a newsvendor seller. We refer to sudden changes in demand distribution as demand shocks. When a newsvendor seller has limited demand distribution information and also experiences underlying demand shocks, the majority of existing methods for newsvendor problems may not work well since they either require demand distribution information or assume stationary demand distribution. We present a new, robust, and effective machine learning algorithm for newsvendor problems with demand shocks but without any demand distribution information. The algorithm needs only an approximate estimate of the lower and upper bounds of demand range; no other knowledge such as demand mean, variance, or distribution type is necessary. We establish the theoretical bounds that determine this machine learning algorithm's performance in handling demand shocks. Computational experiments show that this algorithm outperforms the traditional approaches in a variety of situations including large and frequent shocks of the demand mean. The method can also be used as a meta‐algorithm by incorporating other traditional approaches as experts. Working together, the original algorithm and the extended meta‐algorithm can help manufacturers and retailers better adapt their production and inventory control decisions in dynamic environments where demand information is limited and demand shocks are frequent      

Encouraging Creativity in the Social Work Classroom: Insights from a Qualitative Exploration

Creativity is vital to the learning process of social work students. Despite its importance, educators are still uncertain of ways to enhance creativity and translate it from classroom to practice. Therefore, this study examines social work student perspectives on ways to define creativity, infuse it into the classroom, and apply it as practitioners. This study qualitatively explores the open-ended insights of 37 social work students. Through an unguided semantic analysis and application of Kolb’s experiential learning theory, the following themes emerged: classroom, creativity, performance, activities, and ideas. These themes indicate that students believe that additional creative opportunities in their classrooms would eventually benefit them as practitioners. Further pedagogical emphasis on increasing student creativity through experiential learning activities would be beneficial.     

Social Work Field Educators' Views on Student Specific Learning Needs

Each year a significant proportion of students withdraw from placement in time to avoid penalty, while others fail. This article reports on a small field education research project that identified common learning issues for first placement students. Eighteen experienced supervising field educators (FEs), participated in semi structured focus groups, and identified repeat areas of difficulty in student learning that they had managed as supervisors. They also identified strategies that had been efficacious in supporting student learning. The research undertaken in 2010–2011 identified three specific themes relating to difficulties in student learning: specific student characteristics that required additional support; the university/FE partnership; student proficiency in using supervision. The findings suggest that a students' right to privacy must be considered in the provision of educational support, and that support is most effective when there is a strong partnership between the FE and university. In addition, further development of field education pedagogy may be needed to embed theory and skills related to the use of supervision and reflective learning.     

转型而不同调：晚清以来蜀中学人之经史观

晚清以来,我国学术研究的重心由经学转入史学,就是所谓“经学的边缘化与史学的走向中心”。在学术演变过程中,“蜀学”也发生了这一“转型”,但没有与学术“主流”同一步调地将经学“边缘化”。以廖平、蒙文通、李源澄等为代表的蜀中学人坚守经学在中国文化中的核心价值,把经学作为中国文化“根荄”的思想未尝有变,“六经皆史”的思想也始终未被他们接受,在经史之辩的积极回应中,彰显着“蜀学”的独特个性。     

顾炎武的诗学史意义

顾炎武在许多方面都是开有清一代学术风气的大师 ,他的诗学对于清代诗学史同样具有多方面的开创意义。顾炎武诗学既是清初特定文化语境的产物 ,同时又有鲜明的学术个性。他以文化救亡为核心的大文学观代表了当时知识群体的价值取向和学术路径 ,其“真诗”观念的三个层面赋予清初诗坛这一主流意识以道德的内涵 ;他以鉴往训今的方式进行自己的理论建构 ,由此开启了清代诗学的实证学风 ,而独到的诗歌音韵研究则开拓了中国古代诗歌音韵学的处女地。这多方面的贡献确立起顾炎武诗学在清初诗学中的独特意义和在清代诗学史上的重要地位     

外语与外国文化的学习--对跨文化外语教学的再认识

本文试图通过比较语言与文化的关系来讨论外语界日益重视的跨文化学习问题.作者认为,充分认识外语学习过程中语言与文化的关系、外语与其相应文化学习的过程和结果是跨文化外语教与学的定位、实施和研究的前提条件.     

康熙推崇实学探赜

康熙在文化思想上推崇程朱理学,昌明实学,这不仅有时代风会和当时学术思潮镌刻的烙印,更与他自己务实的内在禀性紧密不可分,其最终目的是为了掌握文化思想统治权,巩固大清江山。