Sanctioning as a social norm: Expectations of non-strategic sanctioning in a public goods game experiment

Sanctioning increases cooperation in public goods games, but not indiscriminately under all conditions and in all societies, and the mechanisms by which sanctioning exercises its impact on behavior are yet to be studied in detail. We show experimentally that in the presence of sanctioning, our experimental subjects adjust their behavior in order to avoid being a free rider. They do this not only in the STANDARD sanctions treatment, where they directly experience any sanctions assigned to them, but also in our main treatment, the SECRET sanctions treatment, where no information on sanctions received is available until the end of the experiment. We observe no such free riding avoidance in the treatment without sanctioning. The mere knowledge that sanctions might be assigned increases cooperation among the members of our subject pool; subjects expect that non-strategic sanctioning occurs against the free riders. Moreover, these expectations are correct as we observe a similar pattern and extent of sanctioning in both treatments. We propose that sanctioning in itself is a social norm and may be culturally dependent, as suggested in the literature.     

THE CHOICE BETWEEN SETS OF REGRESSORS

This paper examines the choice of critical values for testing both non-sequential and nested sequential sets of constraints in the standard linear regression model. Modest increases in (e.g.) t-ratio critical values relative to their one-off values are often sufficient to maintain proper size. A Bayesian decision-theoretic approach, highlighted by the Schwarz (1978) criterion, provides a framework for deriving consistency and asymptotic local power properties of both forms of testing (data mining) algorithms.     

中国抗战初期格鲁对美国远东政策的主张评析

1937年7月至12月,美国驻日大使格鲁力主继续保持中立静观的消极政策。这种主张并非是一味的消极退让的产物,而与格鲁对远东形势发展的预估和设想有很大关联。在他看来,只要能合理利用外交技巧,就可能同时兼顾美日关系、美国在远东的实际利益和其所坚持的原则,实现美国利益的最大化。这种机会主义的设想反映了格鲁的外交观和他对美国远东利益的认知,代表了20世纪30年代美国政府人士在远东外交问题上的一种思路。     

英汉动物习语中喻体的跨文化转换

本文阐述影响英汉习语中喻体异同的文化根源,并说明在翻译实践中怎样做好喻体的跨文化转换。     

Cr13白口铸铁获得屈氏体的研究

铸态屈氏体高铬铸铁用于水泥磨球已经问世。本文对 Cr13白口铸铁如何得到屈氏体基体组织进行了试验研究。在 Cr 含量一定时,随着 Cr/C 减小,砂型浇注时,过冷奥氏体铸态转变为屈氏体量逐渐增加,金属型浇注时则不易转变。当 Cr/C≤4时,砂型和金属型试样铸态均能得到全部的屈氏体基体。金属型开型后铸件置于550℃炉内保温一定时间随炉冷却,高的 Cr/C 材质亦能得到屈氏体基体组织,但增加了生产工序。加入微量铝可使含碳量在2.6～3.0%的中碳材质砂型和金属型铸件铸态得到屈氏体基体,并有较好的综合性能。     

皮尔士的逻辑人生

皮尔士早年曾受严格的逻辑训练,坚持以逻辑学为学术目标,一生热情地追求逻辑学的改进和应用。他的逻辑思想具有广阔的视野,对于逻辑学的发展作出了杰出贡献。然而,他作为一位伟大逻辑学家,长期不被人理解,只是在近几年才重新得到发现和重视。     

进出口商如何应对UCP600

UCP600相对于UCP500,在内容上作了大量实质性的修改。进出口商掌握信用证业务操作中的最新变化,对进一步促进我国贸易的发展有着重大的意义。在对UCP500和UCP600不同点分析的基础上,对进口商和出口商在信用证的运作的具体过程中的每一个环节应如何应对UCP600的变化提出了相应的建议。     

标准谬误论的批评和重新解读

诸多学者追随汉布林，对标准谬误论进行了广泛而持久的批评。这些批评无疑大大促进了谬误研究。但是，不仅这些批评存在矫枉过正的情况，而且也存在从新的视界重新解读标准谬误论的可能性。     

On the distribution of quadratic functionals of the ordinary and fractional Brownian motions

In this paper we discuss some distributional properties of quadratic functionals of the ordinary and fractional Brownian motions (fBms). As far as the ordinary Brownian motion (Bm) is concerned, those properties have been established extensively. A transition from the Bm to the fBm is not straightforward. Some difficulties associated with dealing with the fBm are explained, and a way to solving the problem is indicated, and some conjectures are given.     

高校辅导员专职化的发展历程与现实思考

设立学生辅导员是我国高等教育的特色和优良传统。伴随着新中国高等教育的发展,辅导员的专职化也经历了创立、发展、挫折、恢复、稳定、再发展的过程;在50多年的发展过程中,岗位设置规范与任职条件及其待遇的提高是两大显著变化;未来的辅导员队伍,朝着科学化、职业化及专业化的方向发展是历史的必然。如何适应社会需求,完善辅导员制度,职业化和专业化、管理体制与运行机制等问题需要进一步思考。