循环经济:三个方面的深化研究

随着循环经济成为国家战略,我国循环经济理论与实践已经处于需要深化研究的阶段。回顾1998年以来我国循环经济理论与实践的发展,对需要进一步理清和深化的问题进行评述。在此基础上, 从定位、理论和战略三个方面提出了深化循环经济研究的框架体系和发展方向。     

信用证欺诈及其防范对策

作为国际贸易主要支付方式的信用证 ,被誉为“国际商业的生命液”。但是一些不法分子却利用信用证单证交易的特点 ,相互勾结串通 ,在信用证运转的各个环节上疯狂地实施欺诈活动 ,给权益人造成巨大的经济损失 ,影响企业的正常发展 ,损害银行信誉 ,破坏交易秩序 ,危及整个信用证制度。因此 ,信用证各方当事人应对信用证欺诈进行有效的预防 ,本文就预防信用证欺诈的原则性措施和技术性措施进行了论述。     

Policy responses to external shocks in sub-Saharan African countries

The author analyzes the experience of sub-Saharan African countries with external shocks in the form of the deterioration of the terms of trade and the world recession between 1973 and 1978, with distinction made between low-income and middle-income countries. Adjustment to external shocks in low-income sub-Saharan African countries took largely the form of reductions in imports through lower rates of economic growth and lower income elasticity of import demand while these countries lost export market shares. Losses in export market shares were smaller in the middle-income countries and in the entire group, export performance was positively correlated with the rate of economic growth.     

MFN tariff treatment of imports from China: Effects on U.S. employment

This article estimates the effects on U.S. output and employment of granting most-favored-nation (MFN) tariff treatment to imports from the People's Republic of China (PRC). Import demand elasticities are used to estimate changes in imports resulting from the lower tariff rates. A highly disaggregated U.S. input-output table and labor-output ratios are used to convert changes in imports into changes in domestic output and employment at a detailed sectorial level. U.S. import restraints on the textile and apparel industry are incorporated into the analysis. The article explores the implications of increased imports from the PRC for U.S., PRC, and LDC policy makers.     

Commodity prices and the world distribution of income

Some advocates of a new international economic order recommend raising prices of commodities exported by developing countries as a means of reducing the inequality of world income distribution. A simulation model using commodity trade data and income distribution data for 68 industrial and developing countries examines this policy alternative. Initial data compilation reveals that internal inequality is as important as international: The world income share of the poorest 40% of people would be twice as high in the absence of intracountry inequality. Calculations using actual price experience in the “great inflation” of 1972–1975 show that despite the large relative price changes for some commodities (especially oil), these changes left the world size distribution of income virtually unchanged. Separate policy simulations show that even a quadrupling of the price of ali “equalizing” commodities (those mainly exported by LDCs) would leave the size distribution of world income practically unaltered (even under optimistic assumptions about intracountry distributional incidence), although some individual LDCs would gain. Increasing commodity prices therefore appears to be an ineffective means of increasing international equity, quite apart from questions about the feasibility of cartels or commodity agreements.     

基于受众需求视角的地方高校网站建设研究

高校网站是大学最重要的媒体和展示平台,是教师、学生、企业、媒体了解高校的主要媒介。长期以来,地方高校网站以高校为中心,忽视受众的需求,导致大多数高校网站出现设计水平低、内容单一、缺乏人文关怀的现状。要改变当前现状,可以从受众需求的角度入手,借鉴营销4C的理念,真正发挥高校网站的作用。     

关于一个恒等式

给出Δu的一个新的表示式     

C中易出错的若干问题

分析了C语言编程中存在的若干问题 ,并指明了原因 ,给出了解决方法。     

骆宾基建国后小说创作的心路历程

骆宾基建国后的小说，在创作方法上仍选择了现实主义，而在文化观念上则选择了政治倾向性。这一文学艺术观的确定，经历了空虚、疑虑、困惑、寻求等痛苦的情感纠葛和理性思考。骆宾基在走过了一段艰难的心路历程之后。又以极大的热情创作了许多适应时代要求的文学作品。他建国后的创作成就虽难以与建国前相比，但却能看出一个跨时代作家坚韧顽强的创作精神和对党和民族忠实自觉的使命感。政治阐释成为骆宾基建国后小说创作的现实主义特征。     

(M,S)-optimal row-column designs

Row-column designs may be considered to have two blocking schemes, namely the treatments by rows and treatments by columns component block designs. The (M,S)-optimality criterion is applied to row-column designs, and che connection between the (M,S)-optimal design and its component block designs is demonstrated.