中国人口老龄化的宏观经济后果——应用一般均衡分析

本文运用“中国可计算一般均衡模型”(PRCGEM)对中国人口老龄化的宏观经济后果进行量化分析。模型结果显示,中国人口老龄化将通过劳动力的负增长以及由此导致的物质资本的低增长减缓了中国经济增长的速度。人均物质生活水平仍然会继续增长,但是增长的速度会不断下降。在人口老龄化背景下,技术进步和生产率的不断提高是维持中国经济可持续增长的主要源泉。     

Immigration, integration and fiscal sustainability

Economic theory points out that immigration of even low-skilled immigrants may improve public finances in Western welfare states, and it is sometimes suggested that fiscal sustainability problems in Western countries caused by ageing populations could be solved by increasing immigration. We examine consequences of various immigration scenarios using the large-scale computable general equilibrium model Danish rational economic agents model describing the Danish economy. It turns out that increased immigration will generally worsen the Danish fiscal sustainability problem. Improved economic integration of immigrants and their descendants, however, may alleviate the problems of the public sector considerably. Responsible editor: Klaus F. Zimmermann     

国际油价波动对中国经济影响的一般均衡分析

本文构建动态可计算一般均衡模型来定量研究国际石油价格上涨对我国经济的影响。研究结果表明,国际石油价格上升不利于我国实际GDP、投资、居民收入和进出口等主要经济指标;技术进步是抵消国际油价上升的重要工具。最后,本文根据数量结果提出了一些政策建议。     

基于低碳转型的宏观经济情景模拟与减排策略

根据不同的经济转型情景设置情景组合,并结合应对气候变化政策,评估了实现不同减排目标下的经济结构,并分析经济转型政策和应对气候变化政策的经济效应及社会效应。模型结果显示,单纯实施碳减排政策会导致能源价格成倍上涨,居民终端消费效用显著降低,对经济发展有不利影响。不同情景下的模拟显示,经济转型能够有力地促进中国的低碳发展。在相同的减排目标约束下,经济转型情景付出的成本远低于非转型情景。     

能源补贴改革对资源效率和环境污染治理影响研究——基于动态CGE模型的分析

本文构建动态CGE模型,以化石和可再生能源补贴政策为对象,模拟不同类型能源补贴政策改革对经济发展、资源效率、碳排放及雾霾治理的差异性影响。研究表明：总体而言,能源补贴政策对宏观经济具有积极的促进作用,但在一定程度上会提高能源消费强度;不同类型的能源补贴政策方案影响的差异性较大,化石能源在促进经济增长的同时,对环境改善和碳排放目标实现产生不利影响,特别是煤炭补贴能有效降低能源使用成本,极大促进产业总产出和经济增长,但会不利于环境改善,对可再生能源补贴有利于能源利用效率提高和人均资源盈余改善,降低污染物和雾霾排放增速;因此,必须注重不同类型能源补贴政策协调性和差异性,短期内以化石能源补贴为主,长期而言,应逐步加大可再生能源补贴,更加有利于低碳转型和环境改善。     

Tunisia after the 2011’s revolution: Economic deterioration should,and could have been avoided

The political instability and social unrest in Tunisia since 2011, generated a short-term foresight of the macroeconomic management which contributed to the deterioration of the country’s macroeconomic fundamentals. The objective of this paper is to provide the policy makers with quantitative arguments showing the importance to undertake the macroeconomic stabilization and the structural reforms that improve the total factor productivity, one of the main engines of a sustained economic growth. To that end, the paper employs a financial dynamic general equilibrium model calibrated using six flow-of-funds accounts representing the Tunisian economy in 2010. In a first stage, I reproduce the main macroeconomic variables observed for the Tunisian economy over 2011–2018. In a second stage, the model is used to compare the impacts of counterfactual policy scenarios on the Tunisian macroeconomic performance. The results show that the economy could perform much better, in relation to a battery of macroeconomic indicators (economic growth, unemployment, public external and domestic debts, current account, fiscal balance) under alternative economic policies. The most insightful results are obtained under the scenario of a total factor productivity’s growth progressing at its average level of 2001–2010. Indeed, this could generate an average yearly gain in terms of GDP growth of 3.45 percentage points and a reduction of the average unemployment rate by 7 percentage points over the same time horizon.     

Regional Computable General Equilibrium models: A review

Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models are very popular for analyzing a wide range of policy issues. CGE applications vary from estimating the welfare impact of tax reform and alternative energy policies to the effect of foreign trade reforms, labour markets and employment. CGE models are commonly developed at the country level; however, modified versions of CGE, so called Regional CGE (RCGE) models, can be used at subnational disaggregation to examine impacts studied at the national counterparts on a specific region. RCGE models have grown in popularity as an alternative to the Input-Output (I-O) models, which are regularly used for regional analysis. RCGE models can provide comprehensive information, which make them more desirable analytical models for many researchers. Yet, RCGE models have not yet become a “go-to” for governmental policy practitioners when they are developing regional public policies. This paper reviews the current state of regional CGE models, describes their features, contributions and limitations and surveys some applications of the main three classes of RCGE models: region-specific, bottom-up, and top-down models. This paper concludes that the applications of RCGE are quite variable and flexible, with a new and more complex type of application to be developed with the advancement of computation economics. The paper offers recommendations on the micro, meso and macro conditions that are necessary to increase policy practitioners’ utilization of RCGE models.     

A Study of the Dynamic Mechanisms and Effects of Allocating Emissions Permits under Endogenous Growth

The allocation of carbon emissions permits is a major component of the design of carbon trading schemes. The choice of allocation mechanisms can influence the long-term growth path, which in turn affects the effectiveness of the emissions reduction policy. The findings of this article indicate that while a static allocation mechanism can maximize current yields, it leads to a slowdown in output growth under endogenous economic growth. To optimize intertemporal economic output, the allocation of carbon emissions will need to be dynamically adjusted. In the absence of complete information, an output-oriented adjustment to the allocation of emissions rights in different periods can guide market trading so that it approaches a long-term optimal growth path.     

对我国贸易自由化的非完全竞争CGE模型分析

目前已有很多研究运用CGE模型的分析方法对我国加入WTO后关税与非关税减让措施的经济影响进行评估,但往往将中国作为一般市场经济国家处理,未能考虑到目前中国经济的一些特殊结构。本文的贡献在于更现实地将我国经济中依然存在的一些非完全竞争因素,如价格控制、垄断标价等纳入模型结构。另外在政府贸易措施方面也进行了比已有研究更为详细的设定,如名义关税与实际关税、非关税壁垒、进口间接税、出口退税等等,因此具有更强的政策分析能力。通过模型分析,本文不仅对经济总量、结构和贸易规模等进行了一般预测,而且证明某些非完全竞争因素如垄断程度的减弱与非关税壁垒的尽可能的降低都会进一步提高GDP或国民福利的水平。     

以环境税治理雾霾的减排效果及减排成本——基于动态多区域CGE模型

建立多区域动态CGE模型,将中国划分为京津冀、环京津冀、中部、长三角、东北、西北、西南、珠三角和南部九个地区,并按雾霾严重程度划分为高污染地区和低污染地区两组。设定三种不同的模拟情景,从空气质量、硫税税率、减排成本、各行业总产出等多个维度评价政策影响。模拟结果显示:（1）在基准情景中,直至2030年九个区域的空气质量均无法达到国家一级标准,其中四个地区甚至不能达到二级标准。（2）当前环保法规定的硫税税率偏低,远低于减排成本,无法根本扭转雾霾问题。（3）减排的平均成本、边际成本与当地经济对能源开采的依赖程度高度正相关,东北、西北等富煤地区的减排成本最高,2030年边际减排成本可达50~70万元/吨。相对而言,珠三角和南部地区由于能源生产和能源消费均较低,减排成本处于九个区域的最低水平,2030年边际减排成本仅为30~45万元/吨。（4）硫税等环保税政策导致煤炭行业严重萎缩,在最严厉的模拟情景（B03）中,2030年煤炭总产出相对于基准情景下降70%以上。（5）在各区域实施不同政策的情景（B01和B02）中,高污染产业会由紧约束地区转向宽约束、无约束地区,即存在所谓的“监管泄露”现象。