二氧化碳减排与区域经济发展

国内的环境压力、可持续发展的要求以及国际压力、大国的责任与承诺,决定着我国采取相应的政策手段来节约能源和保护环境势在必行。然而国内目前控制污染排放的政策主要依赖行政手段,缺乏利用市场的手段。中国国土辽阔,区域间的差异较大,但是针对污染控制影响的区域定量分析却少之又少。本文利用多区域可计算一般均衡模型,对全国各个地区施行统一的碳税对于区域经济、产业结构、二氧化碳减排以及地区差距的影响进行分析。研究发现,采用统一碳税的碳税政策,对资源丰富的西部地区造成的福利损失比经济发达的东部地区大约要大1到2个百分点;碳排放强度越高的省份,其福利受损的程度越大;统一碳税政策既会带来地区整体福利的下降,同时也造成地区差距的扩大。     

Universal basic income with flat tax reform in France

This article evaluates the effects of a revenue-neutral tax reform introducing a universal basic income scheme coupled with a flat income tax which replaces the existing minimum income benefit, several other conditional benefits and the existing progressive income taxation. To this aim we use a Micro–Macro simulation model for the French economy. Interestingly, our results show that the reform induces not only a significant reduction in income inequalities and poverty, but also a slightly positive effect at the macroeconomic level, implying that the equity-efficiency trade-off would not be produced.     

Informing Ex Ante Event Studies with Macro‐Econometric Evidence on the Structural and Policy Impacts of Terrorism

Economic consequence analysis is one of many inputs to terrorism contingency planning. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are being used more frequently in these analyses, in part because of their capacity to accommodate high levels of event‐specific detail. In modeling the potential economic effects of a hypothetical terrorist event, two broad sets of shocks are required: (1) physical impacts on observable variables (e.g., asset damage); (2) behavioral impacts on unobservable variables (e.g., investor uncertainty). Assembling shocks describing the physical impacts of a terrorist incident is relatively straightforward, since estimates are either readily available or plausibly inferred. However, assembling shocks describing behavioral impacts is more difficult. Values for behavioral variables (e.g., required rates of return) are typically inferred or estimated by indirect means. Generally, this has been achieved via reference to extraneous literature or ex ante surveys. This article explores a new method. We elucidate the magnitude of CGE‐relevant structural shifts implicit in econometric evidence on terrorist incidents, with a view to informing future ex ante event assessments. Ex post econometric studies of terrorism by Blomberg et al . yield macro econometric equations that describe the response of observable economic variables (e.g., GDP growth) to terrorist incidents. We use these equations to determine estimates for relevant (unobservable) structural and policy variables impacted by terrorist incidents, using a CGE model of the United States. This allows us to: (i) compare values for these shifts with input assumptions in earlier ex ante CGE studies; and (ii) discuss how future ex ante studies can be informed by our analysis.     

Imperfect competition,border protection and consumer boycott: The future of the dairy industry in Israel

Recent increases in prices of dairy products in Israel led to consumer unrest and boycotts against dairy producers during the summer of 2011. The Israeli dairy industry is highly distorted with production quotas and administered prices for raw milk, tariff rate quotas and an oligopoly in dairy processing. Since the issue of self-sufficiency and food security is at the top of Israel's national priorities, the future of the dairy industry is generating heated debate. Thus, we use a general equilibrium model to estimate the effects associated with particular alternative policies actually discussed to liberalize the Israeli dairy industry.     

一个中国经济的CGE模型

构建了一个CGE模型并对建模流程进行研究.包括:列出构成模型的所有必要方程组,构建基础数据结构,校准标定模型系数取值,以及检验模型正确性与稳健性.中国经济数据被模型采用,一方面用于校准法流程标定系数取值,另一方面说明本模型完全可以用于应用研究.模型采用GAMS软件编程实现所有计算工作.     

社会核算矩阵稳态均衡模型研究

不同于社会核算矩阵乘数模型(SAM-M)和基于社会核算矩阵的可计算一般均衡模型(CGE),本文设计了一套社会核算矩阵稳态均衡模型(SAM-SE)。该模型采用目标规划模型形式,以经济系统稳态性作为目标函数,给出了冲击变量、系统平衡、价格方程、技术行为方程、局部优化方程和表外变量6 组约束条件。设定在不同的约束条件下,可以建立稳态预测,技术模拟和均衡优化三种不同功能的层次模型。本文在编制中国2017 年SAM 的基础上,给出了一个SAM-SE 模型应用实例。SAM-SE模型可以用于国家经济系统运行模拟、预测和经济政策效用评价。     

CGE模型求解算法研究评述

 CGE模型求解算法是模型从一般均衡理论走向实际应用的基础,亦是经济工作者在应用CGE模型时所面对的重要问题.本文通过对现有的求解算法进行综述,包括传统的Scarf不动点算法、牛顿迭代法、Tatonnement算法、Johanson-Euler法、投影拉格朗日(projected Lagrange)算法,以及近期兴起的遗传(GA)算法和模拟退火(SSA)算法,扼要说明它们的求解原理及存在的问题,指出各自的优缺点并作了详尽的比较分析与探讨,对于致力于推进CGE建模与仿真求解技术瓶颈突破的研究者们具体重要的参考意义.     

Policy modelling of the trade-off between agricultural development and land degradation—the Sudan case

The agricultural policy model of the trade-off between agricultural growth and land degradation that we have developed, with Sudan as an application, shares common features with the computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. The model is used to address two questions. First, what are the future prospects of a green gross domestic product (GDP), are there reasons for alarm or not, and to what extent? Secondly, which among the four policies of price incentives, property rights, poverty reduction, and human capital are more effective than the others? We show that the prospects of natural resource-friendly agricultural development in Sudan—a rising green GDP—are not promising in the medium run, but that, indeed, there is a range of effective policies and choices that could reduce the trade-off between economic growth and land degradation.     

Mandated superannuation contributions and the structure of the financial sector in Australia

Australian workers must contribute a proportion of their wage to superannuation. The mandated contribution rate has risen from 3% in 1992, to 9.5% today, and is scheduled to reach 12% by 2025. We use a financial computable general equilibrium (FCGE) model to simulate an increase in the contribution rate. We find that raising the contribution rate has consequences for traditional financial intermediaries, and for financial structure more generally. This is of interest to Australian policy makers currently concerned with the size and role of Australia’s banks, and the leverage of the household sector.     

随机CGE模型研究述评

作为一种有效的政策分析工具,CGE模型已广泛应用于贸易、财税、收入分配、能源与环境等研究领域,但其在均衡结构、函数形式和参数确定等方面的强假设严重制约了模型的分析效力。因此,研究者试图引入随机性来解决上述问题。本文对随机CGE模型研究进行了综述,主要观点:第一,从作用上看,随机CGE模型可以解决目前CGE模型面临的均衡结构僵化、函数形式任意、参数设定单一性等三个问题;第二,从内容上看,随机CGE模型研究主要包括模型自由参数、方程和数据的随机性研究;第三,从研究层次看,随机CGE模型的理论研究者需要完善和统一研究内涵,并进一步拓展研究外延;应用研究者需要加强对模型的稳健性检验,从而提高结果的可信度;政策制定者需要科学的看待和采纳模型的模拟结果。