论代际外部性与可持续发展

外部性可以分为空间外部性和时间外部性 ,代内的公平表现为空间的外部性 ,代际的公平表现为时间的外部性。传统经济学主要着眼于空间外部性 ,而可持续发展概念事实上涉及的是代际外部性。代际外部性具有累积性和可分解性 ,由此可将主体缺失情况下的代际外部性 ,分解为连续的代之间的外部性。通过将前代的外部性视为沉没成本 ,使代际外部性表现为两代人之间的外部性 ,这样行为主体都出现在同一个时空中 ,从而通过政府的加入 ,通过庇古税的调节 ,有可能部分解决代际外部性问题。但科斯定理似乎还是不会自发地发生作用。     

论科斯定理对庭审过程的启示

运用科斯定理可以对民事诉讼中双方当事人之间的“和解”要价进行定量分析,但是科斯定理分析问题的一个重要假设是“信息完美”,这在现实中是不存在的。博弈论认为策略行为的实质是博取“私人信息”,诉讼的发生率与信息不对称有较大的关联。庭审程序的设计要有利于各方获取他方的证据信息,便于当事人进行信息比较和估计;庭审过程应便于当事人获取对称的决策信息为目标;法官在庭审过程中的作用就是引导当事人从不完美信息趋向完美信息。双方当事人会根据证据交换、庭审质证认证的情况并结合自己可以接受的成本和风险底限决定自己的强硬策略值最终达到策略均衡。     

Opinion leaders,independence, and Condorcet's Jury Theorem

Condorcet's Jury Theorem shows that on a dichotomous choice, individuals who all have the same competence above 0.5, can make collective decisions under majority rule with a competence that approaches 1 as either the size of the group or the individual competence goes up. The theorem assumes that the probability of each voter's being correct is independent of the probability of any other voter being correct. Contrary to several authors, the presence of mutual or common influences such as opinion leaders does not easily rule independence either in or out. Indeed, and this ought to be surprising,under certain conditions deference to opinion leaders can improve individual competence without violating independence, and so can raise group competence as well.     

Markov Chain Markov Field dynamics: Models and statistics

This study deals with time dynamics of Markov fields defined on a finite set of sites with state space <$>E<$>, focussing on Markov Chain Markov Field (MCMF) evolution. Such a model is characterized by two families of potentials: the instantaneous interaction potentials, and the time delay potentials. Four models are specified: auto-exponential dynamics (<$>E = {\of R}^+<$>), auto-normal dynamics (<$>E = {\of R}<$>), auto-Poissonian dynamics (<$>E = {\of N}<$>) and auto-logistic dynamics ( E qualitative and finite). Sufficient conditions ensuring ergodicity and strong law of large numbers are given by using a Lyapunov criterion of stability, and the conditional pseudo-likelihood statistics are summarized. We discuss the identification procedure of the two Markovian graphs and look for validation tests using martingale central limit theorems. An application to meteorological data illustrates such a modelling.     

Linear Combinations,Products and Ratios of Simplicial or Spherical Variates

The density level sets of the two types of measures under consideration are l _{2, p} -circles with p = 1 and p = 2, respectively. The intersection-percentage function (ipf) of such a measure reflects the percentages which the level set corresponding to the p-radius r shares for each r > 0 with a set to be measured. The geometric measure representation formulae in Richter (2009 Richter , W.-D. (2009). Continuous l _{n, p} -symmetric distributions. Lithuanian Mathemat. J. 49:93–108.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) is based upon these ipf's and will be used here for evaluating exact cdf's and pdf's for the linear combination, the product, and the ratio of the components of two-dimensional simplicial or spherically distributed random vectors.     

Exponentiated Sinh Cauchy Distribution with Applications

The exponentiated sinh Cauchy distribution is characterized by four parameters: location, scale, symmetry, and asymmetry. The symmetry parameter preserves the symmetry of the distribution by producing both bimodal and unimodal densities having coefficient of kurtosis values ranging from one to positive infinity. The asymmetry parameter changes the symmetry of the distribution by producing both positively and negatively skewed densities having coefficient of skewness values ranging from negative infinity to positive infinity. Bimodality, skewness, and kurtosis properties of this regular distribution are presented. In addition, relations to some well-known distributions are examined in terms of skewness and kurtosis by constructing aliases of the proposed distribution on the symmetry and asymmetry parameter plane. The maximum likelihood parameter estimation technique is discussed, and examples are provided and analyzed based on data from astronomy and medical sciences to illustrate the flexibility of the distribution for modeling bimodal and unimodal data.     

The generalized fluctuation test: A unifying view

In this paper, a general principle of constructing tests for parameter constancy without assuming a specific alternative is introduced. A unified asymptotic result is established to analyze this class of tests. As applications, tests based on the range of recursive and moving estimates are considered, and their asymptotic distributions are characterized analytically. Our simulations show that different tests have quite different behavior under various alternatives and that no test uniformly dominates the other tests.     

Confidence Regions Based on Edgeworth Expansion

We describe a procedure for constructing accurate confidence regions by first expanding the sampling distribution of parameter estimators in an Edgeworth series, then eliminating the beyond-normal terms by a simple polynomial transformation. We demonstrate this using the two-parameter Cauchy and Weibull distributions.     

Finite-n Corrections to Normal Approximation

ABSTRACT

We show that the sampling distribution of a statistic which follows the Central Limit Theorem can be approximated by a Normal distribution, modified according to the statistic's first few moments. One can thus achieve an impressive accuracy even for relatively small samples.     

Riemann积分与Lebesgue积分的联系

研究Riemann积分与Lebesgue积分的关系．证明了广义Riemann积分与Lebesgue积分、柯西主值积分与kbesgue积分关系的若干结论．