Alone and adrift: The association between mass school shootings,school size,and student support

Background

School shootings have approached epidemic levels in recent years. While mental illness is undoubtedly involved in nearly all cases of mass school violence, we sought to determine how environmental context may exacerbate preexisting personal factors. The present study investigated the associations between mass school shootings, school enrollment size, student–teacher ratios, and student transitions.

Kind discipline: Developing a conceptual model of a promising school discipline approach

This formative evaluation develops a novel conceptual model for a discipline approach fostering intrinsic motivation and positive relationships in schools. We used concept mapping to elicit and integrate perspectives on kind discipline from teachers, administrators, and other school staff. Three core themes describing kind discipline emerged from 11 identified clusters: (1) proactively developing a positive school climate, (2) responding to conflict with empathy, accountability, and skill, and (3) supporting staff skills in understanding and sharing expectations. We mapped the identified components of kind discipline onto a social ecological model and found that kind discipline encompasses all levels of that model including the individual, relational, environmental/structural, and even community levels. This contrasts with the dominant individual-behavioral discipline approaches that focus on fewer levels and may not lead to sustained student and staff motivation. The findings illustrate the importance of setting and communicating clear expectations and the need for them to be collaboratively developed. Products of the analysis and synthesis reported here are operationalized materials for teachers grounded in a “be kind” culture code for classrooms.     

Correlates of perceived effectiveness of the Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative

A three-level growth-curve model was applied to estimate perceived impact growth trajectories, using multi-year data from project and school surveys on outcome and program implementation collected from 59 sites and approximately 1165 participating schools in the Safe Schools and Healthy Students Initiative. Primary interest is to determine whether and how project-level and school-level correlates affect schools’ perceptions of the Initiative's effectiveness over time when the effects of the pre-grant environmental conditions, grant operations, and near-term outcomes are considered. Coordination and service integration, comprehensive programs and activities for early childhood development, and change in school involvement were found to be significant predictors of school-perceived overall impact when the effect of poverty was considered. Partnership functioning, perceived importance of school resources, and school involvement were found to be significant predictors of school-perceived impact on substance use prevention when the effect of poverty was considered.     

从“遗民”视角看《人间词话》的内在矛盾

从"遗民"视角进入《人间词话》,可以发现"易代"的现实给知识分子带来的空前思考与表达自由,可以更好体悟《人间词话》的强烈个性色彩。但是,从王国维品评作家所依据的内在标准,又可以看出其身上所遗留的传统士大夫式的心理洁癖。正是这种新旧交替时代的过渡属性,造成了王国维进退失据的人生矛盾。     

Stepping stones: Principal career paths and school outcomes

More than one out of every five principals leaves their school each year. In some cases, these career changes are driven by the choices of district leadership. In other cases, principals initiate the move, often demonstrating preferences to work in schools with higher achieving students from more advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds. Principals often use schools with many poor or low-achieving students as stepping stones to what they view as more desirable assignments. We use longitudinal data from one large urban school district to study the relationship between principal turnover and school outcomes. We find that principal turnover is, on average, detrimental to school performance. Frequent turnover of school leadership results in lower teacher retention and lower student achievement gains. Leadership changes are particularly harmful for high poverty schools, low-achieving schools, and schools with many inexperienced teachers. These schools not only suffer from high rates of principal turnover but are also unable to attract experienced successors. The negative effect of leadership changes can be mitigated when vacancies are filled by individuals with prior experience leading other schools. However, the majority of new principals in high poverty and low-performing schools lack prior leadership experience and leave when more attractive positions become available in other schools.     

梦窗词清空论——试谈郑文焯对梦窗词风的认识

郑文焯是晚清四大家之一,著名词学家。在晚清梦窗词转移一代风会的情况下,他的梦窗词研究独具特色。他不满以"晦涩"评梦窗,也不满学梦窗"晦涩",他认为"晦涩"只是梦窗词的表象,其高处正在"空灵"。郑文焯以"空灵"、"清空"为标准来选评梦窗词,突破了张炎以来的对梦窗词的传统认识,赋予了"七宝楼台"新的内涵。他的这种认识,也体现了"清空"这一重要词学范畴的内涵在晚清的丰富与发展。     

笔开象外精神:郑伯熊与永嘉学派

郑伯熊是叶适所构建的永嘉学派传人之一,并自此开始成为历代永嘉之学传承谱系中的关键人物。人们很少去追问这一历史人物是否足以符合学派谱系的构建需求。为了理解叶适之所以要标举郑伯熊这样一个人物,我们需要通过叶适来观察郑伯熊,以此体会叶适构建该人物时的依据与想法。叶适在叙述郑伯熊时所预构的人物类型、后人对郑伯熊的师承与个人行为有意识地进行地方化确认,以及叶适所提炼出的郑伯熊的思想主旨,最终使其成为永嘉学派人物传承谱系中的重要一员。同时,区域性学派构建中所包含着的地方认同和价值偏向也定义出了永嘉学派。     

文学史论楚辞兴起因缘之回顾探讨

今日台湾常见之九种中国文学史著作,在分析、探讨楚辞兴起之因缘时,有七种忽略了屈原对于“楚辞体”创造之重要地位,有一种对此论及之比重较少,只有王忠林等编写的《增订中国文学史初稿》对此论述得最为扼要、全面。结合当代楚辞研究的相关成果,反恩文学史针对此一议题之处理,有两点不容忽视：其一为楚辞名义问题,牵涉到作者采用的是广义或狭义的定义;其二为“南北之辨”,则是如何看待楚辞与南、北文化之间的渊源。     

黑水城出土西夏文《西方净土十疑论》略注本考释

本文刊布了俄藏黑水城出土西夏文《西方净土十疑论》略注本的录文,指出此本是根据宋沙门澄或《净土十疑论注》翻译而成,并依照汉文本,对西夏文本进行了翻译和注释,目的是为西夏学界研读西夏语文以及佛学界研究净土宗在10-4世纪的传播提供参考。     

台湾高中第二外语教育现状与发展方向

今日,国际化的定义非常多样化,也逐渐在学校教育中扎根、发展。教育部门和学校一方面要不断推进英语教育的推广与改进,另一方面也要思考在多文化、多语言社会产生的"内部国际化"课题。在台湾,提早实施英语教育、推进高中第二外语教育、推行中小学及高中的国际教育政策等皆是教育改革重要部分。作为教育改革中的重要环节,20世纪90年代后期开始积极推动的高中第二外语教育已经取得了一定成效,但依旧存在专业教师培养与大学课程的衔接等方面问题。