试论"以人为本"的汉语历史词汇研究

面对个体数量众多、情况极度复杂的古汉语词汇系统,根据语言事实调查和认知语言学理论,从“以人为本”的研究思路出发进行汉语历史词汇学研究,首先对围绕人体部位及其各种重要经验而形成的概念基础之上的词汇加以研究,进一步研究这些词汇指称功能的扩展情况,将是一项十分重要的研究工作。     

意识提升与语法能力的发展

布鲁纳认为学生不是被动的知识接受者,而是积极的信息加工者。他的知觉、归类理论引出了认知学习观——超越所给的信息。拟从语法教学角度出发,对布鲁纳的认知结构学习理论加以运用,提出:语法意识提升的意义在于帮助学生利用认知能力,超越所给的语法规则和实例,构建自身的语法能力,从而促进语言交际能力。     

人体动作隐喻化的认知特点

人类的认知规律是人们由近及远,由简单到复杂,由已知到未知认知事物的过程。隐喻是人类认知世界的方式,人体动作的隐喻化是人类形成和表达新概念的基本方式之一。基于这种认识,从认知语言学的角度,通过对英语中有关人体动作的一些基本动词如run,walk,sit,stand,touch等进行分析,探讨了人体动作词隐喻化的认知特点。     

From cognitive dissonance to cognitive Polyphasia: A sociocultural approach to understanding meat‐paradox

Cognitive Dissonance Theory seeks to understand inconsistency by situating it within individual cognition. By doing so, it overlooks the role of the social context in the experience and management of inconsistency and dissonance and fails to capture the processes through which it is negotiated when it appears. On the other side, the cognitive polyphasia hypothesis together with a dialogical approach on Social Representations provide a socioculturally situated, process‐oriented understanding of inconsistency. In this paper, meat‐paradox, the phenomenon of simultaneously declaring love and respect towards animals and also consuming animals, mainly studied through Cognitive Dissonance Theory, is used in order to highlight the merits of a sociocultural approach to inconsistency. Four relevant empirical examples from interviews and focus groups with meat‐eaters and vegetarians in Cyprus are used to illustrate the approach. The examples illustrate how meat‐eaters manage dissonance in ways that exhibit coexistence of contradictory representations and ways of thinking. Three different modalities of knowledge coexistence are identified, as proposed by cognitive polyphasia researchers: displacement, selective prevalence and hybridisation. We discuss the importance of a sociocultural approach to studying paradoxes, the epistemological and methodological implications of such a theorisation and we suggest other life contexts in which such an approach can be applied.     

When difference creates dissonance: understanding the ‘engine’ of intercultural learning in study abroad

Why do some study abroad students improve their intercultural skills, while others revert to less sophisticated ways of making sense of cultural difference? Both intercultural competence theory and transformative learning theory attempt to explain why student intercultural learning occurs, but they only provide partial answers. Building on our previous study assessing intercultural competence in a 2015 field school in India, this article applies the concept of cognitive dissonance to explain the process behind intercultural learning. In the context of study abroad, students experience cognitive dissonance when they encounter cultural differences or similarities that confound previously held expectations about culture. Adapting Maertz, Hassan, and Magnusson’s cognitive dissonance resolution framework, we employ qualitative analysis of students’ written reflections to show how the resolution of cognitive dissonance could act as the ‘engine’ of intercultural learning.     

Does the Role of Student Factors with Adolescent Substance Use Vary by Geography?

This study assesses the association of 12th-grade student factors (e.g., grades, classroom misbehaviors) with substance use (i.e., binge drinking, cigarette smoking, marijuana) across large, medium-sized, and nonmetropolitan areas. Based on a sample of 2,189 students from the 2013 Monitoring the Future data set, logistic regression analyses showed that poor student academic and behavioral factors were associated with higher substance use after controlling for gender, race, and socioeconomic status. Interaction analyses further showed no significant differences in the influence of student factors on substance use across locales. Results suggest that prevention efforts against substance use should target student factors regardless of area of residency.     

基于功率约束及节点频谱选择的认知协同路由

为了提升认知无线网络的数据传输效率,优化节点能量负载,提出一种协同路由算法。基于覆盖与底层技术的协作设计一种协同网络架构,该架构针对网络频带表现多样化提供了一种新的频谱选择策略,提升频谱资源效用。结合协同网络频谱选择时的干扰特性,根据频谱、干扰和功率约束关系,提出最大化链路容量的频谱及节点功率分配方法。在协同路由设计上引入了频谱效用参数,参数的度量标准涉及节点剩余能量和链路容量,以优化路由节点能量负载和传输效率为目的。仿真对比结果表明,算法有效地利用信道接入机会进行数据转发,提高了传输效率,相比基于竞争进化算法的多播路由方法,数据包传递成功率提升了1．4％,平均网络吞吐量高出8．4％,平均节点剩余能量高出3．2％,在均衡节点负载上性能良好。     

Left Behind by Parents in China: Internal Migration and Adolescents’ Well-Being

This study investigates how growing up as a left-behind child due to parents’ labor migration in China is associated with adolescents’ cognitive and socioemotional development, based on data from the China Family Panel Studies. We find that adolescents do worst when both parents are absent in all developmental indicators we examined: short-term and long-term word recall tests, numeracy test, self-concept, and self-expectation of educational attainment. However, the differences between left-behind children and those in rural two-parent families are not statistically significant. Left-behind adolescents do have significantly lower well-being than those in urban two-parent families. These differences can largely be accounted for by father's education, family spending on the adolescent's education, quality of parenting, and the social support available to an adolescent. The gap in Chinese adolescents' development is, thus, not so much related directly to how many parents one grows up with as it is to whether one grows up in a rural or urban environment.     

英汉习语的民族文化特点探源

习语作为一种特殊的语言形式,是人民大众口头上习用的定型词组或短句。它们是相沿已久、约定俗成、具有完整而独特意义的词语。英汉两个民族在长期的劳动中创作了大量的习语,但由于民族文化的不同,使用亦不同。通过比较英汉两个民族在地理环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、历史典故等几个方面的文化差异来探讨英汉习语之间的民族文化特点。     

双语学习对儿童词汇意识的影响

关于双语学习对儿童词汇意识的影响,学界观点不一,解释机制多样.综述分析目前的研究发现:双语学习对儿童词汇意识的负面影响是不存在的,且仅是理论上的;尽管双语学习可能会导致双语者的词汇量减少,但是词汇意识测试中的双语劣势不是源于双语学习本身.双语学习对儿童认知的影响是正面的,尤其是有利于加工控制能力和选择注意能力等发展,从而促进了儿童词汇意识的形成和发展.