战后美国举国冷战体制的建立与50年代思想学术界"共识"的形成

战后50年代美国思想学术界"共识"的形成,与美国举国冷战体制的建立这一体制因素有着重要的关联.其中,反共产主义的宣传和政策促进了自由-保守主义意识形态一致的形成;军事、情报机构与科学和思想界的结合及"军事-工业-学术复合体"的出现,则加深了知识和权力的高度共生关系.同时,这种"共识"也是思想学术界自觉选择与塑造的结果,这点可从战后美国史学界"反进步主义史学"潮流的兴起得到说明.     

试论二战后美国托管冲绳政策的形成(下)

位于中国东海东缘,介于日本九州岛至中国台湾岛之间琉球群岛(其中包括冲绳群岛)是扼守大陆进出太平洋的门户,是连接西南太平洋和北太平洋的主要航线的必经之地,地缘战略地位极其重要。二战后期,以美国为首的盟国曾考虑过中美联合托管冲绳的方案。1945年6月,美军攻占冲绳以后,美国则主要从对日本本土进行作战的军事需要出发,开始经营冲绳。此后,随着东西冷战的加剧和蒋介石政权在大陆的败亡,美国则从遏制共产主义的冷战战略出发,考虑对日媾和后的冲绳的地位问题。美国开始把冲绳作为从阿留申群岛到日本,从日本再到琉球、中国台湾、菲律宾、印尼、中南半岛的欧亚大陆沿岸西太平洋上的新月形防共遏制战略链条上的基轴来经营,逐渐走向了以联合国的名义由美国来托管冲绳道路。     

红楼“冷笑”艺术特色与大卫·霍克斯的细节化翻译

《红楼梦》使用了大量的冷笑来塑造人物形象,不仅推动了故事发展,同时也反射出书中各人物心情起伏。大卫.霍克斯采用细节化翻译策略对《红楼梦》中各色人物不断重复的、模糊的冷笑进行的翻译,将冷笑的含义具体化和清晰化。     

Estimates of per Capita Fish Consumption in the U.S. Based on the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII)

This paper presents estimates of daily average per capita fish consumption by age and gender for the 48 conterminous states. The estimated consumption rates are reported for three fish habitats: freshwater/estuarine fish, marine fish, and all fish. The estimates were generated from the combined 1989, 1990, and 1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), a national food consumption survey conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Point and interval estimates of per capita fish consumption were generated from the empirical distribution of daily average per capita consumption. The point estimates include the mean, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles. Ninety percent confidence intervals are provided for the estimated mean and 90% bootstrap intervals are provided for percentile estimates. Information in a recipe file provided by USDA was used to calculate the amount of fish in recipes which contain fish. The estimated consumption rates are based on the weight of fish in its prepared or "as consumed" condition. The estimated mean consumption rate for all fish for the U.S. population of the 48 conterminous states was 15.65 grams/person/day (C.I.:14.67–16.63) of which 4.71 grams/person/day (C.I.:4.17–5.25) was freshwater/estuarine fish and 10.94 grams/person/day (C.I.: 10.14–11.73) was marine fish.     

Are children more paternalistic than their mothers when choosing snacks?

This paper focuses on an experiment in which mothers and their child separately chose between relatively healthy foods (flasks of stewed apples) and relatively unhealthy foods (candy bars). Each participant first filled up a first bag for her/himself, and then, a second one for the other person of the dyad. A simple nutritional message on vitamins and sugar contents of foods was then provided, and subsequently each participant filled up a third bag for her/himself and a fourth one for the other person of the dyad. The results show that before revealing the nutritional message, mothers are, on average, “indulgent”, which means that they choose a lower number of relatively healthy foods for their child than the one they choose for themselves. Children tend to be rather “paternalistic”, which means that they choose a higher number of relatively healthy foods for their mothers than they choose for themselves. The nutritional message leads many mothers and children to significantly increase the number of relatively healthy foods selected for themselves and for the other person. The mothers’ indulgence versus the children’s paternalism, along with the children’s reactivity to the message, suggest that mothers underestimate the children’s acceptance of healthy food.     

“文化冷战斗士”——历史学家小施莱辛格的“第二种身份”

历史学家小阿瑟·施莱辛格在冷战期间的重要身份是“文化冷战斗士”。这主要体现在他对“反共自由主义”意识形态共识的塑造和同新“左派”史学家威廉·A·威廉斯的论战上。这种政治活动分子的身份及其强烈的意识形态取向,一定程度上削弱了小施莱辛格史学的客观超然性。     

语势与取势:庞德《代马不思越》译诗研究

庞德<代马不思越>译诗以语势为尚,在音象、义象、形象上取势:在音象上,译诗注重音韵,头韵、元韵丰富;较多运用双元音、长元音,节奏平稳而舒缓;大量使用流音/l/、鼻音/m/、/n/及摩擦音/s/、/z/、/f/、/v/以烘托凄凉气氛;注重节奏,注重节奏的重复与平衡.在义象上,庞德对不同的诗句采取不同的翻译策略,有时发挥译者主体性,改译原诗句;有时极大地忠实于费氏笔记,进行逐字式直译.在形象上,庞德创造性翻译意象,实验意象并置手法.     

Primary Care Providers’ Perspectives on Screening Older Adult Patients for Food Insecurity

Food insecurity has been associated with poor health and health outcomes among older adults, yet food assistance resources are available and underutilized. Routine screening and referral for food insecurity in primary care is one avenue to connect food-insecure older adults with available resources. This qualitative study aims to better understand the beliefs of primary care providers (PCPs) about food security screening and referrals in a primary care setting and perceived barriers to implementation. PCPs (n = 16) who have older adult patients but do not routinely screen for food insecurity were interviewed by phone. PCPs recognize the importance of food security for older patients and discuss nutrition and food access with patients under certain circumstances. Concerns emerged with regard to implementing a systematic screening and referral process: limited time to meet with patients, a lack of resources for addressing food insecurity, and prioritizing food insecurity at both the health system and the patient levels. Despite perceived challenges, PCPs are receptive to the idea of systematically screening and referring patients to external resources for food assistance and support. Barriers could be addressed by health systems prioritizing food insecurity as a health concern and public and private payers providing reimbursement for screening.     

论澳新美同盟理事会第一次会议

在澳新美同盟缔结过程中,澳新美同盟理事会第一次会议是必不可少的环节之一;在澳新美同盟发展史上,同盟理事会第一次会议的历史影响是深远的。本次会议所达成的一些协议或妥协成为缔约三方未来防务合作的基本指南。此外,在本次会议上,美国成功地将同盟精神拟定在反对共产主义的轨道之上,使得澳新美同盟与它在这一地区缔结的其他同盟一道,成为冷战的工具。     

Big Food,Nutritionism, and Corporate Power

Big Food corporations have capitalized on nutritionism—the reduction of food’s nutritional value to its individual nutrients—as a means by which to enhance their power and position in global processed and packaged food markets. Drawing on the literatures on nutrition and corporate power, we show that Big Food companies have used nutritional positioning to bolster their power and influence in the sector. Through lobbying and participation in nutritionally focused public–private partnerships, they have directly sought to influence policy and governance. Through market dominance in the nutritionally enhanced foods sector, and participation in nutrition-focused rule-setting activities in agrifood supply chains, they have gained power to influence policy agendas. And they have used public outreach and the media to present their views on the nutritional aspects of their products, which shapes public perceptions and the broader regulatory environment. Together, these strategies have enhanced the power of Big Food firms to influence policies in the food sector.