The influence of retail outlet and FSMA information on consumer perceptions of and willingness to pay for organic grape tomatoes

The primary objective of this research was to determine the effect of retail outlet (supercenter, supermarket, farmers market, fresh format) on consumer perceptions of and willingness to pay (WTP) for organic grape tomatoes. Also examined was whether information on the proposed Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) regulations, with and without information on tomato safety, altered these aspects across retail outlets. Field experiments were conducted with 207 participants in two U.S. states in fall 2014 to address these questions. Consumers’ perceptions and WTP varied significantly by retail outlet, with farmers markets and fresh format stores receiving the most favorable evaluations and supercenters the least. With FSMA information, safety perceptions fell significantly for the favored outlets and mostly increased for supercenters. Participants’ felt no producers should be exempt from the FSMA and viewed farmers markets vendors as most likely to be exempt. Unexpectedly though, these changes seldom translated into changes in WTP. Further, in treatments with added tomato safety information, supercenters saw no safety rating benefit. Overall, it was clear the organic label was not viewed equally across different retail outlets.     

美国遏制战略与冷战研究

自上世纪中叶以来,美国针对外来威胁的战略选择集中表现为遏制,从而构建、推进了国际关系的冷战状态。大国的国家安全战略选择与冷战状态的起源和延伸存在关联。冷战作为一种国际关系状态生存的动因研究可从四项议题展开,美国国家安全战略的制定具有六个基本特征,美国遏制战略的多元内涵具有五种选择。依据国内外冷战国际关系研究的成果,可以认为,冷战有可能正在从国际关系的例外转成常态。     

基于粮食安全背景的中国粮食企业"走出去"关键性影响因素研究

粮食企业"走出去"既是中国政府支持的农业国际化发展战略,也是在国际市场上备受争议的粮食产业投资行为.中国粮食企业在实现自身发展的同时,需要面对来自国际市场的政治风险与同业竞争压力.在这一背景下,本文将探寻中国粮食企业在"走出去"过程中应如何应对复杂投资环境与开展竞争的关键性影响因素.为此,笔者设计出<粮食安全背景下的中国粮食企业"走出去"影响因素调查问卷>以获取样本信息,并运用主成分分析法对问卷所得数据进行分析,通过综合因素评分判别与提取影响中国粮食企业"走出去"的关键性影响因素,并阐释其经济意义.     

The Clash of Voices: Community-based Targeting of Safety-net Interventions in Malawi

Using the principle of community targeting, the 2003 Winter Targeted Input Programme was designed to extend free inputs to about 400,000 households in rural Malawi on the basis of access to dambo, and poverty status. The tendency for most communities was, however, to modify the stipulated criteria on the basis of their perceptions and interpretations of need, entitlement and equity. Strikingly, even though the resulting criteria often reflected priorities conflicting with the officially prescribed guidelines, they were nevertheless not necessarily motivated by fraudulent intentions, though there were some isolated cases of ill‐intention. This article therefore advocates at least the incorporation of views from below in the design of interventions of this nature in order to ensure that they achieve the overall desired strategic impact.     

冷战期间美国中东公众外交的困境

美国在中东的公众外交始于二战期间,其活动包括宣传美国的中东政策,反击中东反美宣传,介绍美国文化、价值观念、自由市场经济和西方民主制度等,目的是拓展美国在中东尤其是阿拉伯世界的影响力,实现其中东利益。二战后,美国历届政府在中东的公众外交上都投入大量的人力、物力和财力,设立公众外交部门,建立信息文化中心,并由公众外交官负责开展具体活动。美国的中东公众外交经过近半个世纪的曲折发展,到80年代末90年代初日渐成熟。但随着冷战的结束,其活动逐渐减少,影响力日渐式微,最终于90年代末跌入谷底。冷战期间,美国的公众外交官在中东公众外交中发挥了重要作用。尽管这些外交官也关注诸如美苏宣传战等议题,但是阿以冲突才是困扰他们的首要议题。同样,阿以冲突也是严重削弱美国中东公众外交成效的核心因素。     

浅析我国的粮食安全问题

农业是我国国民经济的基础,粮食是基础的基础。在我们这样的大国,粮食是关系国计民生的特殊商品,随着人口增加,耕地减少,城市化进程加快,人民生活水平提高,我国的粮食安全问题日益凸现出来。文章就粮食安全新定义的内容分析了我国农业发展存在的问题及解决我国粮食安全问题应采取的政策措施。     

Risk Communication, Knowledge, and Attitudes: Explaining Reactions to a Technology Perceived as Risky

Several factors influence peoples'decisions about food irradiation, a technology perceived as risky. Responses to questions about three dimensions of acceptability of food irradiation provide the dependent variables. Risk message characteristics, respondent background characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes form the independent variables. Multiple regression is used to assess relative effects. Levels of acceptability of food irradiation varied somewhat as the focus of the question changed: negative reactions were more likely if the question mentioned serving it to family members than it it stressed self use. The only message manipulation that had a significant impact was information about irradiated food users (e.g., astronauts) and prestigious national and international organizations that endorse food irradiation.
Support for a normative/value type of decision-making is more substantial than for a rational/technical type of decision-making. Although knowledge of food irradiation correlates with support for the technology, trust factors are much more powerful predictors. The implications for effective risk communications are discussed.     

论《寒夜》的悲剧艺术

《寒夜》是巴金的代表作之一。这是一部社会悲剧小说 ,小说的背景首先奠定了作品的悲剧性 ;小说的主要人物汪文宣就是一个悲剧人物 ,其悲剧性格主要体现为情与理的冲突和希望与现实的落差 ;而汪母和曾树生的婆媳矛盾 ,其根源在于新旧文化的冲突 ,属于文化悲剧的范畴     

Psychological Determinants of Reactions to Food Risk Messages

In recent years, European countries have witnessed a number of food crises such as dioxin-contaminated chicken, foot-and-mouth disease, and BSE. In such cases, food might be contaminated by microorganisms or chemicals that could pose a risk to the consumer. These cases attract media attention and might instigate the consumer to reduce the consumption of the allegedly contaminated products. Although a decline in consumption of (potentially) contaminated products has been observed, it is not yet clear what determines the individual's reaction to food risk messages. To study the psychological determinants of the reaction to food risk messages, a survey was conducted in the Netherlands (n= 280). Subjects had to imagine two situations involving chicken contamination and report how they would react behaviorally if this situation occurred. Risk perception, affective response, perceived susceptibility to foodborne disease, self-efficacy, outcome expectation, trust, experience with foodborne disease, and need for information were also assessed. It was found that 60% of the subjects would allegedly avoid the risks by not consuming chicken for a while and approximately 60% would seek additional information. Risk avoidance was significantly related to information seeking and the psychological determinants, especially risk perception, affective response, need for information, perceived susceptibility to foodborne disease, and trust. Seeking information was also significantly related to risk perception, affective response, need for information, susceptibility to foodborne disease, and trust, but to a lesser degree. A model describing the relationships between the variables was tested using AMOS. Results are presented and implications are discussed.     

浅析冷战后联合国维和行动的特征

二战以来 ,联合国维和行动对维护国际和平与安全发挥了重要的作用。文章在介绍联合国维和行动由来和类别的基础上 ,重点阐述了冷战以后联合国维和行动的特征 ,并对其发展前景作了分析。