战后美国对日本教育的改革新探（1945-1950）

对日本的教育民主化改革是战后美国对日本进行全面改造的一个重要方面,对日本教育的改革是去除日本军国主义和极端民族主义因素以及将日本改造成为一个西方式的民主国家的重要途径。为此在占领日本后,美国不仅对日本的教育管理体制、课程体系进行改革,还对日本的体育、宗教教育进行了大规模的改造。随着冷战的爆发,日本成为了美国与苏联在远东积极争取的目标,为了抵制共产主义在日本的传播,美国开始在日本的教育界展开了反共行动,并利用宗教作为对日本进行反共宣传攻势的重要工具。通过美国对日本的民主化教育改革的内容和过程的追述,认为在对日本的改革中美国采取了以专制的形式培育民主的政策,干涉了日本的学术自由和宗教自由。     

Developing a Multicomponent Model of Nutritious Food Access and Related Implications for Community and Policy Practice

Access to nutritious foods is limited in disenfranchised communities in the United States. Policies are beginning to focus on improving nutritious food access in these contexts; yet, few theories are available to guide this work. We developed a conceptual model of nutritious food access based on the qualitative responses of food consumers in 2 different regions of the American South. Five domains (economic, service delivery, spatial–temporal, social, and personal) and related dimensions of nutritious food access were identified. The conceptual model provides practical guidance to researchers, policy makers, and practitioners working to improve nutritious food access in communities.     

Nelson Rockefeller in Latin America: Global Currents of US Prison Growth

Nelson Rockefeller is a key piece of the puzzle that is the explosion of the US prison population in the last forty years, thanks both to his drug policies of 1973 and his response to the Attica prison rebellion two years previously, which set in motion a series of changes in prison practice. This essay argues that understandings of Rockefeller’s attitudes about crime and pun-ishment, and US prison growth in general, would be enhanced by paying at-tention to transnational currents, in particular the riptides of the Cold War. It therefore places Rockefeller’s prison-related actions within the context of his long experience in Latin America prior to and during his governorship of New York, showing his evolving anti-communism to be a product of his Latin-American engagements, including a crucial trip to the region in 1969. Contextualizing Rockefeller in this way reveals some of the transnational currents of his punitive turn, as well as the nation’s.     

从“谁来养活中国”到“怎样养活中国” ———粮食属性、AB 模式与发展主义时代的食物主权

粮食并非经济学视角下的单一商品,而是具有多种属性,并由此带来它的三大国家安全功能——粮食安全、食品安全和食物主权。然而,在当前以发展为主义的时代,粮食属性逐渐被单一化,农业多种功能不断丧失,形成了一个以产业化、规模化、标准化为特征,贯彻"为钱而生产"这一资本逻辑的农业与食物体系(A模式)。A模式缓解了"谁来养活中国"这样的数量安全问题,带来了"怎样养活中国"的食品安全与食物主权问题。作为替代角色,意图寻回粮食多种属性、农业多种功能,遵循"为生活而生产"这一生命逻辑的B模式正在形成。AB模式之间有战争,有融合,正在双轨运行之中。需要在这一重大变革中采取有利于实现食物主权,促进人类可持续进程的行动。     

Effects of urbanization on trophic dynamics of arthropod communities on a common desert host plant

Urbanization is a dominant demographic trend that radically alters ecological patterns. Most urban ecology studies, however, are strictly observational, and the mechanisms underlying these patterns have not been experimentally examined in cities. We manipulated vertebrate and invertebrate predators and water availability of a common native shrub to investigate the mechanisms controlling trophic dynamics of associated arthropod communities in an outlying desert, an urban desert remnant, and a mesic yard. The outlying desert had higher diversity and greater evenness but lower abundances than urban sites. The desert remnant resembled the mesic yard in terms of arthropod seasonality, abundances, and diversity. Surprisingly, top-down pressures on arthropods were stronger in urbanized areas and controlled already elevated herbivore abundances. Predators were especially sensitive to water availability, suggesting that stress plays an important role in this trophic system. Shifts in trophic dynamics are likely common in cities and preserved remnants may not mimic the trophic structure and function of their more pristine counterparts. If these patterns hold in other urbanized areas, they would have broad implications for conservation biology given that simply preserving natural habitats in urbanizing areas may not be enough to ensure an associated fauna that reflects the more intact and less urbanized habitat.     

新中国成立前后美国对台湾的政策

新中国成立前后是中美关系发展中至关重要的转折和过渡期,当时美国对台湾的政策是其对华政策中的关键一环。从史料中尚不能得出当时中美之间必然敌对的结论,至少双方还存在着相互选择的可能性。从历史的角度看,美国对台湾政策(全面承担义务 )的制定和最终确立有其历史的必然性,但在历史转折点,许多偶然性的主观因素也在美国对台湾政策的制定过程中起到重要作用。回顾这段历史,有助于理解和解决至今仍然困扰着我们的棘手的“台湾问题”。     

冷战史研究中社团主义学派和非极化主义学派

20世纪80年代在西方冷战史研究中出现过两个新的流派:社团主义学派和非极化主义学派,对冷战作出了与主流学派完全不同的解读。社团主义学派将冷战置于20世纪的美国历史长河进行考察,认为冷战是20世纪初以胡佛和罗斯福为代表的领导人追求社团主义秩序的自然延续,其目的在于推进美国主张的政治经济秩序;非极化主义强调英国在冷战起源中的作用。     

为什么是冷战?——美苏国际冷战中的热战抑制性因素分析

长期以来,学界对冷战的研究大多集中于其对抗性一面,对为什么是冷战而不是热战则缺少较深入的探讨。原子武器及两极阵营结构抑制热战说轻率地忽略了冷战现象自身的时代内涵,并没有解释热战没有产生的真正原因。实际上,美苏国际冷战现象的出现主要是由双方所具有的一些时代共性因素决定的,冷战最深刻的时代内涵不是对国际和平的违背,而是对热战的超越。     

Food Calorie Intake under Grain Price Uncertainty in Rural Nepal

This study evaluated the effects of grain output price uncertainty on the farm income of rural households and, consequently, how this uncertainty influenced caloric intake through changes in farm income. Using a national rural household survey data set in Nepal, augmented with output price uncertainty measures calculated from historical time-series data, we found that grain output price uncertainty (especially for rice and wheat) tends to decrease crop production income of rural households. In addition, we found that lower crop income from production decreases calorie intake of rural households. Taken together, these results suggest that output price uncertainty during the production process tends to reduce caloric intake of rural Nepalese households. The price uncertainty seemed to reduce the crop income households need to buy calorie-rich staple foods.