两重困境:第二次柏林危机期间德美关系评析

第二次柏林危机是冷战时期东西方关系中持续时间最长的一次纷争,这场危机不仅仅是美苏两个大国之间的对抗,它还使德美关系面临最现实和最严峻的考验。危机期间的德美关系处于战略困境和同盟困境这两重困境之中。在面临决定战争与和平的战略困境时,美国的决策起着主导作用;而在开展对苏谈判,面临考验同盟可靠性的同盟困境时,联邦德国则决定了美国可以作出让步的限度与步伐。     

创伤与治疗——对读苏联作品看中国十七年战争文学

中国十七年时期，刘真、路翎、王愿坚、赵寻等人独辟蹊径，勇敢地创作了一批反思战争创伤的作品。他们惋惜战争中逝去的生命，揭示战争对美好人生的戕害，并提出修复、治疗战争创伤的良好愿望。但是借助于苏联同时期相关作品的对读，尚可发现这些作品仍有其未能或不敢触及的“伤疤”。     

论《细红线》中的意象及其象征意义

詹姆斯.琼斯的《细红线》中意象与象征手法的运用对突出小说的反战主题起到了不容忽视的作用,使小说的艺术性和思想性达到了高度的统一。标题《细红线》象征着理智与疯狂、生与死的分界线;贝尔的幻觉意象象征着家人和士兵的相互担忧和思念以及对死亡意识的淡化;威尔士的小调意象则象征着战争的目的——抢夺钱财。     

抗日战争时期国共两区的通邮——以华北之晋绥边区为例

1937年，卢沟桥事变爆发后，随着抗日战争局势的变化，为了适应抗日战争形势的需要，使各战区邮政能够互相畅通，在中华邮政协助抗日的前提下，为了更有效地保证国统区与根据地之间的信息畅通，更好地合作抗日，中国共产党首先提出国共两区正式通邮的号召。晋绥边区为切实贯彻通邮号召精神，采取了一系列有力措施，保障了国共两化信息畅通，为更好地合作抗日做出了贡献。     

浅析冷战后日本文化教育界右翼势力兴起的原因

20世纪90年代以后,由于泡沫经济的崩溃和国际上冷战体制的结束,日本社会日益保守化、右倾化,右翼势力的影响不断扩大,右翼的思想主张在日本越来越有市场,从而导致教育界、文化界的右翼力量逐渐兴起和发展。本文就这一历史现象发生的成因进行分析。     

关于对战争遗址保护和开发的几点思考

战争遗址属于文物古迹的重要组成部分,黑龙江地区的战争遗址或者是指经过战争或用于战争遗留下来的遗址或遗迹,或者是殖民侵略者在占领地居住的建筑遗址或遗物,或者是抗击侵略者进行斗争和生活的遗址或遗迹。但由于众多因素,许多战争遗址已经遭到破坏或者正在遭到破坏。本文拟就我省战争遗址的保护与开发提出自己的几点思考。     

Rushes in Large Timing Games

We develop a continuum player timing game that subsumes standard wars of attrition and pre‐emption games, and introduces a new rushes phenomenon. Payoffs are continuous and single‐peaked functions of the stopping time and stopping quantile. We show that if payoffs are hump‐shaped in the quantile, then a sudden “rush” of players stops in any Nash or subgame perfect equilibrium. Fear relaxes the first mover advantage in pre‐emption games, asking that the least quantile beat the average; greed relaxes the last mover advantage in wars of attrition, asking just that the last quantile payoff exceed the average. With greed, play is inefficiently late: an accelerating war of attrition starting at optimal time, followed by a rush. With fear, play is inefficiently early: a slowing pre‐emption game, ending at the optimal time, preceded by a rush. The theory predicts the length, duration, and intensity of stopping, and the size and timing of rushes, and offers insights for many common timing games.     

抗战前南京国民政府导淮事业述评

自黄河夺淮入海以来几百年间，淮河泛滥不止。国民政府成立后，专门成立了导淮委员会，参酌中外专家的调查结果，结合以往治淮的经验，制定了一套较为科学的工程实施计划，同时通过借款或发行债券来筹集资金，使得在抗战爆发前基本完成导淮计划的初步工程。     

道是无情却有情——论曾树生的“逃离”与“回来”

《寒夜》塑造了一个丰满复杂的女性曾树生形象,真切细腻地表现了她与家及家人的复杂情感。对她的先逃离家庭最后又回来,批评界多作道德、文化层面的解读,结论显然是偏颇的,应该看到这里其实隐含着更多的情感心理内容:无奈的“逃离”中蕴含着“回来”的因子,看似无情却有情;急切的回来更彰显其对亲情和真情的依恋和向往。     

Italian Children's Understanding of War: A Domain-Specific Approach

Studies of children's conceptions of war, which have been carried out up to now mainly by asking for a definition of war and associating it with other notions, have found few age-related changes after the age of 6. Considering the complexity of the concept, and its embeddedness in the political conceptual domain, which emerges at around 11 years, we expect that greater differences should emerge if children's ideas on the causes and consequences of war, and the actors involved, are carefully assessed. Semi-structured interviews carried out with a total of 80 Italian children from 2nd to 8th grades confirmed this hypothesis. Many 2nd graders described war as a clash between collectives without structure, attributing all decisions about starting, the development of, and ending a war to the individual fighters and explaining these decisions (when they did) as due to emotions such as hatred, envy, revenge, or being tired or unwilling to fight any longer. Most 6th and 8th graders depicted war as a clash between nation-states, attributing decisions about its starting and ending to political authorities on the basis of political and economic reasons, and the actual fighting of battles to an organized army collaborating with, or subordinate to, political authorities. Many 2nd and 4th graders also showed a mixed pattern of answers, involving both political authorities and individual fighters, thus showing that the transition from the rudimentary backward conception to the more advanced one occurs through the piecemeal addition and deletion of concepts and beliefs.