Making social policy work for economic development: the Nordic experience

The Nordic welfare states offer some lessons in a development context. A main achievement has been sustainable poverty reduction. Another important lesson is that, while democratization often leads to greater pressures for social policy expansion, social policy can also contribute to democratization. The Nordic countries further demonstrate that is possible to unify social protection with a competitive and growth-oriented economy. In a number of policy areas, particularly in relation to social services and labor market policy, the Nordic countries have also become leading modernizers. The women-friendly dual-earner model not only combats poverty among families with children, but also enables women to participate in the labor market. The future sustainability of the Nordic model of social policy hinges on the number of taxpayers that can be mobilized. In order to be successful in this, governments need to take a combined, or holistic, approach, and consider both micro motives and macro considerations.     

认知语境的构建

本文在关联理论的框架下讨论发话人怎袢通过语言和非语言手段制约受话人的认知语境以及受话人如何在认知环境中选择并延伸认知语境.     

翻译中分析的对象与分析的参照物

奈达把翻译的过程分为分析 -转化 -重组三个步骤。本文通过区分及分析翻译过程中分析的对象与分析的参照物 ,论证了在绝大部分情况下 ,整个语篇不是也不必是译者分析的对象 ,它只起语境的作用 ,从而证明了翻译中“句本位”的合理性     

浅谈语境与交际

本文从语用学角度出发探讨了语境与交际的关系.重点论述了人们在交际过程中,在交际模式的指导下如何利用语境,寻找到最佳的关联,推理出说话者的真正意图,具体分析了语境在交际中所起的重大作用.     

网络环境下的市场营销

互联网的产生和发展深刻地影响了企业的经营活动 ,尤其是营销活动。为此 ,从网络营销的理论基础和特点的阐述入手 ,分析了网络营销的方式和影响 ,并提出了企业推进网络营销的对策。     

Halfway There? Policy,Politics and Outcomes in Community Care

The community care reforms which followed the 1989 White Paper "Caring for People"were apparently focused on addressing the needs of people requiring long-term care, and on achieving improved outcomes and better quality of life.
The agenda set out by the White Paper was for community care in the next decade and beyond. Half way through this decade, we question the extent to which the objectives of promoting choice and independence for users and carers have been achieved. The paper draws particularly on a programme of monitoring conducted jointly by the Nuffield Institute for Health and the King's Fund, based on national and local focus groups meeting over a two-year period. It proposes a framework for evaluation which consists of four components: the definition of desired outcomes; specification of service systems necessary to deliver such outcomes; promotion of access to services; and the development of supporting operational policies and resource allocation mechanisms.
This framework offers a substantial step beyond much of the monitoring of the community care reforms which has taken place to date. This has assessed progress largely in terms of the establishment of new systems and processes. We conclude that such changes were essential building blocks for delivering better-quality community care services, and in the short term it may have been legitimate to view their establishment as proxies for progress towards delivering user-centred services. However, monitoring and evaluation should now be increasingly oriented towards ensuring that these changes are in fact producing the desired service outputs and urn outcomes. We propose that our framework offers one such way forward.     

汉语词义发展的重要背景——主导文体及其嬗变

主导文体是一种文本语境,影响着人们对词语的选择、对语义表达方式的心理设想和词义组合、聚合的整体构造方式.汉语主导文体所营构的文本语境理应成为考察汉语词义发展情况的一个重要"参数".文言和白话这两种汉语文体,在各自占据主导地位以及二者嬗变交替之际,都深刻地影响了动态词义在语境中的实现方式和汉语词义的进一步发展.     

汉译西方文论探究

汉译西方文论作为中国文论与西方文论之间的一种过渡形态,被遮蔽在笼统的"西方文论"概念中,长期被忽视而未能得到系统清理.经过近百年发展,提出"汉译西方文论"概念并加以研究的时机已经成熟,这个概念的建立及其相关研究,将会唤起对汉译西方文论自身价值和独立品格等一系列相关问题的思考,将有可能引发我国文艺理论总体格局的某种变动,成为推动我国文艺理论体系创新和发展的理论生长点.     

反命名和戏谑式命名——杨绛散文的反讽修辞

杨绛散文的反讽修辞对应着两个语境 :故事发生时的语境 ( 5 0年代初至 70年代初 )和故事写作时的语境 ( 80 - 90年代 )。她将“陪斗者”这一政治身份转化为叙述人的观察和言说视角 ,通过“反命名和戏谑式命名”的修辞方式 (表现为“我不是…”/“我是…”的语式 ) ,实现了对语境限制的反限制 ,构成了一种“互文本”的深层意义结构。其戏谑式命名的常用方式是“贬低陈述”。作为女性写作 ,杨绛选择反讽作为自己散文的基本修辞方式 ,既是时间的积累沉淀对她的话语启示 ,也是她对自己文化素质审美心智优长的一种发挥     

写作发生机制论

将写作发生的起点,从过去的“审题”还原到生活之中,从而使整个写作发生机制的性质发生了改变:功能上,从“应试”变为了“应世”;从一个封闭的自控系统变为一个必须适应语境的开放的自调节系统。这给写作教学改革提供了新的参照。