How to Do Things With Texts: A Functional Account of Reading Comprehension

We offer an account of reading comprehension that we believe will help clarify some common conceptual confusions in the relevant literature, as well as contribute to existing functional accounts. We argue that defining texts qua texts as stimulus classes, on the one hand, and equating “comprehension” with behavior (covert or otherwise), on the other, are not useful conceptual moves, especially when behavioral settings go beyond basic literacy skills acquisition. We then analyze the structure of the contingencies that usually evoke talk of “comprehension” using techniques from analytic philosophy. We show how keeping the results of this analysis in mind can help avoid the conceptual bafflement that often arises, even among behavior analysts, when defining or assessing behavioral phenomena related to reading comprehension. Using two contrasting cases (legal texts and stories), we argue that what counts as comprehension depends, not peripherally but crucially, on the shared social practices of which texts are a part. Finally, we propose a new framework for classifying reader–text contingencies by combining two dimensions: openness of setting and embeddedness of reinforcement.     

论审美意象的创构过程

意象创构的思想是中国古典美学中意象理论的重要内容。它源自《周易》的“观物取象”思想,并且形成了一个悠久的传统。该思想认为审美意象是审美活动中物我双向交流的产物,反映了个体的生命节奏与对象的感性生命的贯通,其核心乃在于情景合一。意象的创构以主体的审美经验为基础,通过主体独特的眼光和比兴的思维方式等,借助于想像力而达成的。这使得审美意象体现了虚实相生的特征。在意象的创构过程中,主体以感官尤其是心神体物,达到物我交融,并经由主体与对象的神合,在始终伴随着象的参与中实现了对道的体悟,从而也实现了人生理想与宇宙之道的贯通。     

中级汉语听力教学中教师讲解的原则和方法

在中级汉语听力课堂教学中,教师讲解是一个非常重要的环节。我们认为,教师讲解应遵循引导性、针对性、有效性等几个基本原则。教师讲解时可以采用推导法、对比法、图示法、复述法、填空法、实践法等方法。为了能设计出科学有效的讲解内容,教师在教学中还应注意一些问题,如：在备课中要注意以＂听＂代＂读＂,在课堂上要注意优化教学气氛,在课后要及时总结,加强难度预测的能力等等。     

认知心理学在口译教学中的应用

口译活动可以看成是一个以源语信息为操作对象,由译员的语言处理和认知机制共同参与的一个心理过程。这个过程中的心理认知活动对口译中的理解、记忆和逻辑分析等环节起着重要的作用。在教学中,教师在有限的课堂时间内,对口译活动的不同环节及其过程,应根据其认知特点组织教学,并采用相应的训练策略和方法,对学生进行针对性训练,使他们的学习效率得到提高,尽快掌握口译的基本技能。     

听写在外语教学中的作用

本文简要分析了听写在外语教学中的地位,介绍了听写的六种形式,着重探讨了标准听写在语言学习、语言运用以及语言测试等方面的作用。     

Midwives’ comprehension of care for women with intellectual disability during pregnancy and childbirth: An open-ended questionnaire study in Sweden

BackgroundFew studies have investigated midwifery care for women with intellectual disability (ID).AimTo gain a deeper understanding of midwives’ comprehension of care for women with ID during pregnancy and childbirth.MethodsA cross-sectional study among 375 midwives at antenatal clinics and delivery wards in Sweden. Findings 2476 quotations were sorted into six categories: information; communication and approach; the role of the midwife; preparing for and performing interventions and examinations; methods and assessments; and organisation of care. The midwives affirmed that individual, clear and repeated information together with practical and emotional support was important for women with ID. The midwives planned the care as to strengthen the capacity of the women, open doors for the unborn child and reinforce the process of becoming a mother. Extra time could be needed. They tried to minimise interventions. The midwives felt a dual responsibility, to support the mother–child contact but also to assess and identify any deficits in the caring capacity of the mother and to involve other professionals if needed.ConclusionsThe midwives described specially adapted organisation of care, models of information, practical education and emotional support to facilitate the transition to motherhood for women with ID. They have a dual role and responsibility in supporting the woman, while making sure the child is properly cared for. Healthcare services should offer a safe and trusted environment to enable such midwifery care. When foster care is planned, the society should inform and co-operate with midwives in the care of these women.     

及物性分析与批评性阅读

及物性系统是批评语言学家经常使用的几个主要的语言学分析工具之一.及物性在批评语言学和文体学中经常被用作有效的分析性工具.本文通过实例分析探讨及物性对批评性阅读尤其是阅读大众媒体语篇的积极作用,旨在增强外语学习者的批评性语言意识,从而提高批评性阅读能力.     

论《呼啸山庄》在中国的文化语境和被接受

由于处于不同时期的文化语境,《呼啸山庄》在中国呈现出不同的被接受程度。民国时期,由于表现出反封建专制、崇尚自由、追求爱情和教化功能的特质,而为国人所认同和接受;解放后到文革期间,由于表现出来某些与当时"一边倒"思想、左倾政治和文革理念相悖的资产阶级因素,而受到排斥和批判。改革开放后,随着多元文化的交汇和人们观念的改变,《呼啸山庄》以其异域文化的情调再次受到国人的欢迎,并在理解和接受上呈现多元化趋势。     

说江西诗病:严羽“妙悟入神”的活法美学体系——重新认识严羽的禅宗美学思想

在宋代禅宗美学思想的转型历程中,严羽提出了一个“妙悟—兴趣—入神”的活法美学思想体系.“妙悟”强调活法悟入,以心为法;“兴趣”化理为趣,达到兴象、意趣的玲珑融会,不落言筌;“入神”则要求风骨与气象的统一,神化无迹,无法可求,都贯穿着灵动的活法审美精神.严羽这种妙悟入神的美学思想,是对江西诗派的活法悟入美学思想的继承与发展,他的“说江西诗病”,实质就是用江西诗派的活法美学思想来纠正江西诗派的创作之失与批判江西诗派的创作流弊.因此,严羽是宋代禅宗活法美学思想的总结者,他用活法美学思想“说江西诗病”,宣告了宋代江西诗派的历史终结.     

外语学习听力训练浅论

外语学习要重视听力的训练,要认真解决听力理解上存在的问题,抓住听力训练的若干点,切实进行外语听力教学的改革。