气候变化对水稻质量安全的影响——基于水稻主产区1 063个农户的调查

气候变暖不仅直接影响粮食产出,还可能通过影响农药化肥的使用数量和使用效果威胁粮食质量安全。基于水稻主产区1 063份农户调查数据,发现其他条件不变,气候变化对水稻影响的感知越强烈,农户增加农药化肥投入的比例就越高,农药化肥施用量平均增加7千克/亩。此外,风险态度、参加农业产业化组织也会对农户的农药化肥使用行为产生重要影响。因此,需要关注气候变化对农产品质量安全的影响,加强对气候变化特别是极端气候明显地区农户农药化肥使用行为的引导,采取多种措施降低气候变化对农业生产的潜在风险,加强农业产业化组织尤其是合作社的建设,在提升数量安全的同时保障质量安全。     

谈谈视觉在射击运动中的作用

视觉在射击训练中各阶段有不同作用,射击训练到达高层次后在技术上必须抓以动作内感为主,并结合心理训练才能使射手的训练水平上新的台阶。     

转型期中国的社会公正感探析——以社会期望与财富分配的互动关系为视角

20世纪90年代以来,中国社会的贫富分化日益严重,民众的社会不公正感逐渐增强。一方面,改革开放促进了民众教育水平的提高和公民文化与平等意识的萌发,增强了他们对现代化生活方式的憧憬,引发了普泛性的生存比较,所有这些都普遍提高了民众的社会期望。另一方面,转型期中国社会的贫富差距全方位扩大,财富分配极不合理,既有市场化改革自身引发的巨大收入差距,也普遍存在由双轨制、非正当致富等导致的贫富悬殊。这种期望与指望的差距造成了社会不公正感。用公式可表示为：社会不公正感=社会期望/财富分配。提高民众的社会公正感须从调整财富分配入手,应做到起点公正、过程公正和结果公正。     

日本生协的现状、特点以及对我国消费合作事业的启示

日本生协（日本生活协同组合的简称）是以家庭妇女为主体的消费者自治组织。民主管理和组合员的积极参与提高了成员的凝聚力,并发展了以班组织为中心的共同购买和个人配送等业务。生协的优质服务得到了众多消费者的支持,其组合员人数和户加入率在持续增长,适应消费者生活方式变化的无店铺事业也取得了巨大的成功。借鉴日本生协的发展经验,我国应积极引导居民成立消费合作社,开展社区内的团购业务和家庭配送业务,以解决日益严重的食品安全问题。     

Trend effects on perceived avalanche hazard

Hazard-level forecasts constitute an important risk mitigation tool to reduce loss of economic values and human life. Avalanche forecasts represent an example of this. As for many other domains, avalanche risk is communicated using a color-coded, categorical risk scale aimed at informing the public about past, current, and future risk. We report the results from three experiments in which we tested if an irrelevant past trend in forecasted avalanche danger affects perceptions of current and future avalanche risk. Our sample consisted of individuals from three different populations targeted by national avalanche warning services. All three experiments showed that the perception of avalanche risk is influenced by the trend, but that the effect is opposite for perceptions of current and expectations of future avalanche risk. While future avalanche risk is extrapolated in the same direction as the change from the previous day, we found that perceived current risk appears to be based on an average of past and current risk. These effects diminish when we provide participants with a scale indicating the exact level of avalanche danger. For most of our measurement instruments, however, the effects remain significant. These results imply that targeted populations may consider historic information more than was intended by the sender. As such, our results have implications for both avalanche warning services and risk communication in general.     

Behavioral pathways to private well risk mitigation: A structural equation modeling approach

Complex, multihazard risks such as private groundwater contamination necessitate multiannual risk reduction actions including seasonal, weather-based hazard evaluations. In the Republic of Ireland (ROI), high rural reliance on unregulated private wells renders behavior promotion a vital instrument toward safeguarding household health from waterborne infection. However, to date, pathways between behavioral predictors remain unknown while latent constructs such as extreme weather event (EWE) risk perception and self-efficacy (perceived behavioral competency) have yet to be sufficiently explored. Accordingly, a nationwide survey of 560 Irish private well owners was conducted, with structural equation modeling (SEM) employed to identify underlying relationships determining key supply management behaviors. The pathway analysis (SEM) approach was used to model three binary outcomes: information seeking, post-EWE action, and well testing behavior. Upon development of optimal models, perceived self-efficacy emerged as a significant direct and/or indirect driver of all three behavior types—demonstrating the greatest indirect effect (β = −0.057) on adoption of post-EWE actions and greatest direct (β = 0.222) and total effect (β = 0.245) on supply testing. Perceived self-efficacy inversely influenced EWE risk perception in all three models but positively influenced supply awareness (where present). Notably, the presence of a vulnerable (infant and/or elderly) household member negatively influenced adoption of post-EWE actions (β = −0.131, p = 0.016). Results suggest that residential and age-related factors constitute key demographic variables influencing risk mitigation and are strongly mediated by cognitive variables—particularly self-efficacy. Study findings may help contextualize predictors of private water supply management, providing a basis for future risk-based water interventions.     

信息素养对农户参与电商的影响 ——基于农户内在感知的中介作用和政府推广的调节作用

基于有限理性行为理论和卢因行为理论,构建了信息素养对农户参与电商的 理论分析框架,利用陕西省８２７个苹果种植户调研数据,实证检验信息素养对农户参与电商 的因果效应,以及农户内在感知和政府推广在信息素养影响农户参与电商关系中的作用机 理.研究结果表明,信息素养对农户参与电商有显著正向影响;农户内在感知在信息素养影 响农户参与电商关系中发挥部分中介作用,具体而言,信息素养通过提高农户对农产品电商 的感知有用性和感知易用性促进农户参与电商;政府推广在信息素养影响农户参与电商关 系中具有显著正向调节作用,推广内容的全面性、易于理解程度和推广频率会增强信息素养 在农户参与电商中的促进作用.     

对"美"的现象学还原

用胡塞尔现象学还原的方法,将审美活动中人的"内知觉"从遮蔽我们的"物"知觉中剥离,澄清"经验"是一切审美活动、情感体验的直接对象,在此基础上,进一步区分科学态度与审美态度、超验体验与审美体验.     

Race, Gender, and the Black Women's Standpoint

Hill Collins (1997, 1998, 2000) argues that because of their position within the intersecting hierarchies of race, gender, and class, black women as a group possess a “unique angle of vision” on the social world. Rooted in the everyday experiences of black women, the “black women’s standpoint” is marked by an intersectional understanding of oppression and a “legacy of struggle” against such oppression. In this article, I employ quantitative analyses of data from the National Survey of Black Americans (1992) and the National Black Feminist Study (2004–2005) to investigate the black women’s standpoint. I ask: “Do black women as a group tend toward the black women’s standpoint that Hill Collins describes?” and “Do black women embrace this perspective more than black men?” Results from numerous χ² and logistic regression analyses suggest that, within the black community, gender is not a significant predictor of the standpoint that Hill Collins describes, with black men and black women being equally likely to embrace many of the core ideas associated with the black women’s standpoint. I conclude by discussing the implications of this finding for gender and race‐based standpoint theory.     

皮尔士实用主义哲学中的感知论

皮尔士的实用主义哲学包括皮尔士意义理论、皮尔士科学哲学和皮尔士范畴理论及其符号学理论。通过对皮尔士实用主义哲学不同层面的考察发现,感知贯穿于皮尔士实用主义哲学始终,是建构皮尔士实用主义哲学的核心概念。