支气管肺癌老年患者医院感染的易患因素分析

目的 对支气管肺癌老年患者医院感染进行临床分析,重点分析其易患因素.方法 对189例支气管肺癌老年患者进行医院感染临床分析,包括发生率、感染部位、感染病原菌,并对病程、住院时间、是否使用广谱抗生素、侵袭性操作、使用糖皮质激素等项目进行易感的单因素分析.结果 189例支气管肺癌老年患者发生医院感染42例,其中呼吸道感染发病率最高,细菌培养以G-杆菌和G+球菌最多见.病程长、化疗的次数多、住院时间久、广谱抗生素和糖皮质激素的使用以及侵袭性操作均增加了医院感染的机会.结论 针对支气管肺癌老年患者医院感染的易患因素,临床应采取积极措施,预防医院感染.     

国内单亲母亲家庭十年研究综述

对国内近十年来单亲母亲家庭方面的研究成果进行分析发现,单亲母亲家庭研究在研究取向的客观化、研究范式的拓展和研究的本土化等方面取得了一定的进展和成绩,但也存在不足。建议今后的研究取向为：从纵向的角度对单亲母亲家庭进行行动研究,连续性、系统性地探究她们家庭结构发生改变、生活遭受重创之后复原与成长的能力和过程。     

基于射频技术的无线识别系统设计

本无线识别系统的设计利用射频技术,阅读器将呼叫信号加载到频率为70MHZ的射频上,以无线方式发给应答器。呼叫信号经过线圈耦合、解调、电压比较器等电路传送到应答器的控制器。控制器对呼叫信号进行分析、确认后,将存储的四位二进制编码通过发送端的调制电路馈送到阅读器,并显示应答器的具体信息。     

冲床二度落互补式监测方法

针对冲床单次冲压时曲柄过冲导致滑决二次落下的危险,在分析传统二度落监测方法局限的基础上,提出一种 凹凸互补式2个凸轮同时监测二度落信号的方法,设计了一种独立于冲床主控PLC的独立监测单元,结果表明该方法可 有效地提高冲床二度落信号判断的可靠性,降低冲床二度落信号漏检造成的危害。     

Sibling Socialization of Competence in Rural,Single‐Parent African American Families

Older siblings' contributions to younger siblings' competence net of parenting processes were examined with 152 pairs of first‐born (M= 11.7 years) and second‐born (M= 9.2 years) siblings in rural, single‐parent African American families. The possible moderational effect of sibling conflict on the association between older and younger siblings' competence was also examined. Mothers reported their parenting practices, teachers assessed siblings' competence, and older siblings reported sibling conflict levels. Structural equation modeling indicated that parenting was linked with older siblings' competence, which in turn was linked with competence among younger siblings. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that older and younger siblings' competencies were linked when sibling relationships included low levels of conflict.     

Race Differences in Family Experience and Early Sexual Initiation: Dynamic Models of Family Structure and Family Change

We examine the effects of family structure on age at first sexual intercourse before marriage for a recent cohort of women. Previous research on the linkage between family structure and sexual initiation has employed relatively crude measures of family structure—typically a snapshot of the respondent's family structure at age 14. We use retrospective parent histories from the 1979–1987 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to construct dynamic measures of family structure, using information on the number and types of parents in the respondent's household between birth and age 18. We use these measures in proportional hazard models to test the effects of prolonged exposure to a single‐mother family, prolonged absence of a biological father, parental presence during adolescence, and family turbulence. For White women, age‐specific rates of first sexual intercourse are significantly and positively associated with the number of family transitions; for Black women, age‐specific rates are significantly and positively associated with having resided in a mother‐only or father‐only family during adolescence. Net of other effects of family structure, we find no significant effects for White or Black women of being born out of wedlock, prolonged exposure to a single‐mother family, or prolonged absence of a biological father. Our results for White women are consistent with a turbulence hypothesis, whereas for Black women our results suggest the importance of family structure during adolescence. For neither White nor Black women are our results consistent with hypotheses positing earlier initiation of sexual activity for women with prolonged exposure to a single‐mother or father‐absent family.     

中小学独生子女同伴关系调查

文章通过对中小学独生子女同伴关系的调查研究,得出如下结论:第一,同伴交往中不受欢迎的独生子女占相当的比例;第二,小学阶段的独生子女与中学阶段的独生子女同伴关系的总体状况差不多,都是受欢迎的与不受欢迎的各占一成半左右,二者没有显著差异;第三,中小学独生子女同伴交往存在着明显的性别差异,女生的同伴关系明显好于男生;第四,在中学阶段,不受欢迎的农村独生子女明显多于城市独生子女;第五,中学阶段毕业班的独生子女受欢迎的明显比非毕业班的少,不受欢迎的与非毕业班没有显著差异,同伴关系一般的明显比非毕业班的多。     

基于行业组合的贷款总体风险优化决策模型

应用资本资产定价模型中的单因子模型表达贷款收益和风险函数,以不同行业贷款组合后的总体风险最小化为目标,运用非线性规划方法建立了基于组合贷款总体风险优化的行业贷款分配模型。通过负相关行业的风险对冲,避免了选择单个或少数行业进行贷款所导致的、当该行业不景气时的系统性风险对贷款质量的影响,降低了贷款组合的系统性风险。从组合贷款总风险中分离出系统风险和非系统风险,并通过实例验证行业组合可以降低系统性风险,显示通过行业组合可以部分地抵消由于行业自身所产生的系统性风险。     

Multiple comparison procedures for finding non-maximum normal means

Abstract

In this study, we discuss multiple comparison procedures for finding normal means which are not maximum among several normal means. Specifically, we propose the single step procedure, the sequentially rejective step down procedure and the step up procedure. For the single step procedure we determine the critical value for a specified significance level. For the sequentially rejective step down procedure and the step up procedure we determine the critical value at each step of the test for a specified significance level. For three procedures we formulate the power of the test under a specified alternative hypothesis. We give some numerical examples regarding critical values and power of the test intended to compare three procedures.     

START: single‐to‐double arm transition design for phase II clinical trials

Phase II clinical trials designed for evaluating a drug's treatment effect can be either single‐arm or double‐arm. A single‐arm design tests the null hypothesis that the response rate of a new drug is lower than a fixed threshold, whereas a double‐arm scheme takes a more objective comparison of the response rate between the new treatment and the standard of care through randomization. Although the randomized design is the gold standard for efficacy assessment, various situations may arise where a single‐arm pilot study prior to a randomized trial is necessary. To combine the single‐ and double‐arm phases and pool the information together for better decision making, we propose a Single‐To‐double ARm Transition design (START) with switching hypotheses tests, where the first stage compares the new drug's response rate with a minimum required level and imposes a continuation criterion, and the second stage utilizes randomization to determine the treatment's superiority. We develop a software package in R to calibrate the frequentist error rates and perform simulation studies to assess the trial characteristics. Finally, a metastatic pancreatic cancer trial is used for illustrating the decision rules under the proposed START design.